Ciclo dos negócios na colômbia: o papel da política de estabilização

Este documento mide la sincronización entre las políticas de estabilización y el ciclo de los negocios en Colombia en el periodo comprendido entre marzo de 1990 y junio de 2013. Para la construcción de los ciclos se utiliza la metodología clásica y se construye un ciclo de referencia a partir de ciclos individuales de tres índices de actividad económica real. Con el fin de medir la sincronización entre el ciclo de nego­cios y los ciclos de las políticas fiscal y monetaria se utiliza el estadístico de Harding y Pagan (2006). Se concluye que durante el periodo de estudio las políticas de estabilización tienden a ser procíclicas (por el lado fiscal) y acíclicas (por el lado monetario). En la literatura se conoce a este fenómeno como when it rains, it pours y es común que se presente en economías emergentes como la colombianaThis document measures the synchronization between the stabilization policy and the Colombian business cycle during the period March 1990 – June 2013. A classical methodology is used for the cycle construction and a reference cycle is constructed parting from three individual cycles of three real economic activity indicators. With the end of measuring the synchronization between the business cycle and the fiscal and monetary policy, the Harding and Pagan statistical analysis (2006) is used. It is concluded that for the period of time studied the stabilization policies tend to be pro-cyclic (for the fiscal case) and counter-cyclic (for the monetary case). This phenomenon is known in literature as when it rains, it pours and it is common to see in economies such as the Colombian.Este documento mede a sincronização entre as políticas de estabilização e o ciclo dos negócios na Colômbia no período compreendido entre março de 1990 e junho de 2013. Para a construção dos ciclos se utiliza a metodologia clássica e se constrói um ciclo de referência a partir de ciclos individuais de três índices de atividade económica real. Com o fim de medir a sincronização entre o ciclo de negócios e os ciclos das políticas fiscais e monetárias se utiliza o estatístico de Harding e Pagan (2006). Se conclui que durante o período de estudo as políticas de estabilização tendem a ser pro-cíclicas (pelo lado fiscal) e contra-cíclicas (pelo lado monetário). Na literatura se conhece a este fenómeno como when it rains, it pours e é comum que se apresente em economias emergentes como a colombian

Developing Sous Vide/Freezing Systems for Ready-Meal omponents

End of project reportSous vide cooking involves sealing raw or par-cooked food in a vacuumised laminated plastic pouch or container, cooking by controlled heating, rapid chilling and then re-heating for consumption. The chilled storage period is up to 21 days at 0 to 3oC. The recommended thermal process for sous vide products is 90oC for 10min or its time-temperature equivalent. Concerns about the safety of sous vide products, mainly due to the potential for temperature abuse in the chill chain, has prevented the widespread use of this technology. The role of the current project, therefore, was to investigate sous vide cooking followed by freezing, as a safe alternative to sous vide/chilling for 10 ready-meal components i.e. carbohydrates (potatoes, pasta, rice), vegetables (carrots, broccoli) and muscle foods (salmon, cod, chicken, beef and lamb).National Development Plan (NDP

The floating marketplace of San Juan Bay

Thesis (M.Arch.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture, 2002.Includes bibliographical references (p. 84).This thesis seeks to establish the marketplace as a temporal and spatial event that affects a city in a meaningful way. The marketplace was the site of greatest congestion, activity and drama in many cities, often combining functions as varied as the produce it sold. It was a setting for punishment, proclamations, and entertainment as well as commerce. Relocated to city outskirts and replaced by specialized warehouses, marketplaces have disappeared from many urban centers. A marketplace relevant to present-day cities, would be able to remain a central feature in the city, satisfy the shoppers' needs, and fulfill its traditional role as a setting of multiple public functions. The location of this marketplace is San Juan of Puerto Rico, a metropolitan area with a rich tradition of lively marketplaces in its urban cores. San Juan is a city dominated by a majestic bay and the city has grown around its shores and over the last five centuries, slowly at first and with great speed in the last 60 years. New and old neighborhoods share this great backyard despite some barriers like highways and mangrove forests. The floating marketplace of San Juan Bay will dock on three neighborhoods along the bay and its canals. It is an adaptable building, flexible enough to engage significantly with any of its proposed neighborhood destinations. Included in the design are the moorings at the three sites, each one a unique, particular counterpart to the "universal" market hall that visits them. The appearance and disappearance of the market will constitute a community event that can become pa rt of the weekly schedule of the neighbors. Its presence or absence will always bind the three sites together, emphasizing the shared geography, economy and culture of the city's inhabitants. The precedents inspiring this proposal are not markets but rather theaters designed for festivals: the Groningen Pavillion by Fumihiko Maki (1999) and the Teatro del Mondo, designed for the 1979 Venice Biennale by Aldo Rossi. in both cases, the arrivals and departures of these buildings were events that shed an exciting new perspective on their respective cities. As they moved to and from their destinations, the travels of these floating buildings were an affirmation of the possible balance between a city and its surroundings. The traditional edges of urban and rural, man-made and natural, were re-visited with a sense of possibility. While a marketplace is not a theater, a day at the market is an event, like a concert or a play, an "everyday" event that despite its frequency (or perhaps because of it) generates excitement in a community.Jorge Carbonell.M.Arch

Análisis y priorización de las soluciones técnico-económicas para paliar la pobreza energética en la ciudad de Valencia

[ES] El objetivo del TFG es ayudar a solucionar un problema que sufren en torno a 30.000 familias en el municipio de Valencia. La pobreza energética se debe a tres causas principales: i) los costes altos de la energía en relación a sus ingresos bajos, ii) la mala calidad energética de las viviendas y iii) los malos hábitos de consumo de energía. El problema de la pobreza energética lleva a que las familias tengan mayores índices de enfermedad física y psicológica, a prácticas arriesgadas para no pagar la energía, y a exclusión social. En el TFG se parametriza en términos cuantitativos la pobreza energética y se buscan soluciones. Estas soluciones, alrededor de 15 diferentes, se clasificarán en "Económicas", de "Rehabilitación energética de viviendas", de "Eficiencia energética de equipos de viviendas", de "Nuevos sistemas energéticos para viviendas" y de "Cultura energética". Son soluciones como rehabilitar energéticamente las viviendas, rediseñar el sistema de suministro de energía, auditorías energéticas, etc. que requieren de una formación en ingeniería para poder entender cómo y cuánto pueden contibuir á plaiar la pobreza energética. A continuación se caracteriza cada solución desde la ingeniería energética, y se evalúan en base a diversos criterios técnicos, ambientales, económicos y sociales. Tanto cuantitativos como cualitativos. Para identificar estos criterios se realiza una revisión bibliográfica, se hacen entrevistas con expertos, y pequeños proyectos tipo de actuación, según cada solución. Los criterios que se manejan son 13 e incluyen citerios económicos como: coste de la intervención, coste de explotación, periodo de retorno, etc. criterios técnicos como energía ahorrada, viabilidad técnica, plazo de la intervención, etc. Criterios ambientales como gases de efecto invernadero ahorrados, y sociales como sinergias con la economía local, creación de dependencia en las familias, viabilidad lega actual, etc. Los resultados del TFG permiten priorizar las soluciones técnicas a la pobreza energética en función de la situación de cada familia, y de los recursos técnicos y económicos de la administración pública municipal. Este TFG está previsto que contribuya a la programación de las actuaciones contra la pobreza energética de los técnicos del servicio de Energías Renovables y Cambio Climático del ayuntamiento de Valencia.[EN] The goal of the TFG is to help to solve a problem suffered by around 30,000 families in the municipality of Valencia. Fuel poverty is due to three main causes: i) high energy costs in relation to low income, ii) poor energy quality of homes and iii) poor energy consumption habits. The problem of energy poverty leads families to have higher rates of physical and psychological illness, risky practices to avoid paying for energy, and social exclusion. In the TFG, energy poverty is parameterized in quantitative terms and solutions are sought. These solutions, around 15 different, will be classified as "Economic", "Energy rehabilitation of homes", "Energy efficiency of residential equipment", "New energy systems for homes" and "Energy culture". These are solutions such as energy subsidies, energy rehabilitation of homes, redesigning the energy supply system, energy audits, etc. They require engineering training to understand how and how much they can contribute to plaiar energy poverty. Each solution is then characterized based on energy engineering, i.e. they are evaluated based on various technical, environmental, economic and social criteria. both quantitative and qualitative. In order to identify these criteria, a bibliographic review is carried out, interviews are conducted with experts, and small projects of action, according to each solution. The criteria that are handled are 13 and include economic criteria such as: cost of intervention, cost of exploitation, payback period, etc. technical criteria such as energy saved, technical feasibility, durtion of intervention, etc. Environmental criteria such as greenhouse gases saved, and social criteria like synergies with the local economy, creation of dependence on families, current legal viability, etc. The results of the TFG allow prioritizing technical solutions to energy poverty depending on the situation of each family, and the technical and economic resources of the municipal public administration. This TFG is expected to contribute to the programming of the actions against the fuel poverty of the technicians of the Renewable Energy and Climate Change service of the city of Valencia.Valls Carbonell, J. (2018). Análisis y priorización de las soluciones técnico-económicas para paliar la pobreza energética en la ciudad de Valencia. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/106263TFG

Critical minerals and countries' mining competitiveness:An estimate through economic complexity techniques

Minerals' criticality and countries' mining competitiveness are two dimensions that have gained relevance in the economic and policy agenda due to the key role of minerals in the energy transition. To a certain extent, these product-country dimensions can be seen as two faces of the same coin, which intertwine and simultaneously co-determine each other. Therefore, economic complexity techniques appear as a useful methodology to simultaneously estimate both dimensions.This paper employs economic complexity techniques to build an unsupervised Fitness-Criticality algorithm, that allows simultaneously estimating countries' mining competitiveness (Fitness Mining Index) and minerals' criticality (Criticality Minerals Index). Our indexes are efficient in terms of the set of information employed, and do not rely on subjective perspectives and assessments. The results of the estimates suggest that South Africa, Russia, the United States, Norway, Canada, Australia and Chile are the most competitive countries. Moreover, the Platinum Group Metals, Lithium, Silicon and Rare Earths appear as the most critical minerals. These results are consistent with other methodologies employed by different organizations that separately estimate both dimensions and derive countries’ and minerals’ rankings

Manual de interventoría técnica, gestión social, medio ambiente, seguridad y salud ocupacional para el seguimiento y control en las etapas de diseño y construcción de edificaciones en bambú guadua, en Colombia.

Puesto que en los contratos de interventoría son comunes las falencias en las comunicaciones, que terminan afectando el desarrollo eficiente de los proyectos de construcción, es importante desarrollar estrategias que generen habilidades de como escuchar de manera activa y eficaz, siendo la estandarización de procesos o actividades que se puede lograr por medio de la divulgación de manuales una alternativa válida en los procesos de mejoramiento continuo que se requieren para mejorar los procesos de gestión de documentos dentro de empresas que se dedican a la construcción de estructuras en bambú guadua. El trabajo consiste en presentar los aspectos determinantes para que el resultado sea la elaboración de manual donde se consignen los lineamientos a seguir en las interventorías realizadas a construcciones en bambú guadua, dentro del territorio nacional en aspectos técnicos de gestión social, medio ambiente, seguridad y SALUD OCUPACIONAL

Esferamundi. Primera Parte. Traducción al español de los capítulos I y II

Traducción al español de un fragmento del libro XIII del ciclo de Amadís de Gaula, obra dividida en seis partes, compuesta originalmente en italiano por Mambrino Roseo da Fabriano y publicada en Venecia por Michele Tramezzino entre 1558 y 1565. La traducción concierne los primeros dos capítulos de la Primera Parte y ha sido realizada a partir de la transcripción de Stefania Trujillo de La prima parte del terzodecimo libro di Amadis di Gaula, nel quale si tratta delle meravigliose prove et gran cavalleria di Sferamundi, figliuolo di don Rogello di Grecia et della bella prencipessa Leonida, Venezia, Eredi di Francesco e Michele Tramezzino, 1584, ejemplar de Verona, Biblioteca Civica, Cinq. E 350-17, publicada en Historias Fingidas, 1 (2013), 159-176. Spanish translation of Chapters I and II of the first part of Sferamundi (1558), the novel that Mambrino Roseo da Fabriano composed in six parts between 1558 and 1565 as first Italian continuation to the Spanish cycle of Amadís de Gaula. The translation is based on Stefania Trujillo’s transcription of the copy held by Biblioteca Civica di Verona (La prima parte del terzodecimo libro di Amadis di Gaula, nel quale si tratta delle meravigliose prove et gran cavalleria di Sferamundi, figliuolo di don Rogello di Grecia et della bella prencipessa Leonida, Venezia, Eredi di Francesco e Michele Tramezzino, 1584, Cinq. E 350-17) first published in Historias Fingidas, 1 (2013), 159-176 .Spanish translation of Chapters I and II of the first part of Sferamundi (1558), the novel that Mambrino Roseo da Fabriano composed in six parts between 1558 and 1565 as first Italian continuation to the Spanish cycle of Amadís de Gaula. The translation is based on Stefania Trujillo’s transcription of the copy held by Biblioteca Civica di Verona (La prima parte del terzodecimo libro di Amadis di Gaula, nel quale si tratta delle meravigliose prove et gran cavalleria di Sferamundi, figliuolo di don Rogello di Grecia et della bella prencipessa Leonida, Venezia, Eredi di Francesco e Michele Tramezzino, 1584, Cinq. E 350-17) first published in Historias Fingidas, 1 (2013), 159-176 .Traducción al español de un fragmento del libro XIII del ciclo de Amadís de Gaula, obra dividida en seis partes, compuesta originalmente en italiano por Mambrino Roseo da Fabriano y publicada en Venecia por Michele Tramezzino entre 1558 y 1565. La traducción concierne los primeros dos capítulos de la Primera Parte y ha sido realizada a partir de la transcripción de Stefania Trujillo de La prima parte del terzodecimo libro di Amadis di Gaula, nel quale si tratta delle meravigliose prove et gran cavalleria di Sferamundi, figliuolo di don Rogello di Grecia et della bella prencipessa Leonida, Venezia, Eredi di Francesco e Michele Tramezzino, 1584, ejemplar de Verona, Biblioteca Civica, Cinq. E 350-17, publicada en Historias Fingidas, 1 (2013), 159-176.Traducción al español de un fragmento del libro XIII del ciclo de Amadís de Gaula, obra dividida en seis partes, compuesta originalmente en italiano por Mambrino Roseo da Fabriano y publicada en Venecia por Michele Tramezzino entre 1558 y 1565. La traducción concierne los primeros dos capítulos de la Primera Parte y ha sido realizada a partir de la transcripción de Stefania Trujillo de La prima parte del terzodecimo libro di Amadis di Gaula, nel quale si tratta delle meravigliose prove et gran cavalleria di Sferamundi, figliuolo di don Rogello di Grecia et della bella prencipessa Leonida, Venezia, Eredi di Francesco e Michele Tramezzino, 1584, ejemplar de Verona, Biblioteca Civica, Cinq. E 350-17, publicada en Historias Fingidas, 1 (2013), 159-176.Spanish translation of Chapters I and II of the first part of Sferamundi (1558), the novel that Mambrino Roseo da Fabriano composed in six parts between 1558 and 1565 as first Italian continuation to the Spanish cycle of Amadís de Gaula. The translation is based on Stefania Trujillo’s transcription of the copy held by Biblioteca Civica di Verona (La prima parte del terzodecimo libro di Amadis di Gaula, nel quale si tratta delle meravigliose prove et gran cavalleria di Sferamundi, figliuolo di don Rogello di Grecia et della bella prencipessa Leonida, Venezia, Eredi di Francesco e Michele Tramezzino, 1584, Cinq. E 350-17) first published in Historias Fingidas, 1 (2013), 159-176 .

Amadis of Europe. The end of Amadís de Gaula's cycles: the French continuations of Esferamundi of Greece

In the European chivalric literature of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries the cycle of Amadís de Gaula occupies an outstanding position. The histories of Amadis and many of his descendants long occupied the interest of writers and readers and led to the publication of numerous different books, first in Spanish and then in Italian, in German and in French. In this study, after briefly describing the incidents of the Amadisian cycle in Spain, Italy, Germany and France, we pay special attention to the three books of the series originally written in French, which were published in Paris between 1626 and 1629 under the joint title of Le romant des romans by Gilbert Saulnier Duverdier. As we will see, although since 1615 the German Amadises had been published in French, Saulnier Duverdier preferred to ignore them and continue the action of the voluminous Italian series known as Esferamundi, whose six books were written by Mambrino Roseo and had also been translated into French. The three works of Saulnier Duverdier, which were published in English in 1640, represent the final closure of the Amadis series.En la literatura caballeresca europea de los siglos XVI y XVII corresponde un lugar descollante a la serie o ciclo de Amadís de Gaula. La historia de las hazañas de Amadís y de sus descendientes ocupó largamente el interés de escritores y lectores y llevó a la publicación de numerosos libros, primero en español y después en italiano, en alemán y en francés. En este estudio, además de describir brevemente las incidencias del ciclo amadisiano en España, Italia, Alemania y Francia, dedicamos especial atención a los tres libros de la serie escritos originalmente en francés, que se publicaron en París entre 1626 y 1629 bajo el título conjunto de Le romant des romans y que se debieron a la pluma de Gilbert Saulnier Duverdier. Como veremos, aunque ya desde 1615 se habían publicado en francés los amadises alemanes, Saulnier Duverdier prefirió pasarlos por alto y continuar la acción de la voluminosa serie italiana conocida en conjunto como Esferamundi de Grecia, cuyos seis libros se debían a la pluma de Mambrino Roseo y que también habían sido ya traducidos al francés. Las tres obras de Saulnier Duverdier, que se publicaron en inglés en 1640, representaron el cierre final de la acción de los amadises.