Uma visão contingencial da internacionalização do varejo: proposição de uma taxonomia e discussão dos desafios teóricos

There is no agreement upon the set of dimensions to be used to categorize distinct types of retailers and, consequently, it is difficult to disentangle the particularities of the internationalization trajectories of specific types of retailers. In this article, we propose a taxonomy of the firms involved in international retailing and discuss the differences in the internationalization patterns of the retail business across the types of retailers. The data was collected from an extensive review of the literature on retail internationalization and from several secondary sources, such as a report of a research institute and retailers’ websites, as well as from visits to stores. The proposed taxonomy identifies three distinct types: (i) traditional retailers, (e.g., Walmart, JCPenney), which distribute a varied array of third parties’ brands, (ii) specialized branded retailers (e.g., Zara, H&M), which are exclusive distributors of their own brands, and (iii) direct branded retailers (e.g., Adidas, Louis Vuitton), firms that are brand manufacturers’ that are also distributors of their brands, but in a non-exclusive manner, as such brands are also distributed through other retailers. This contingent view of retail internationalization helps overcome two week points this field has: (i) the pervasive research practice of employing mixed samples of distinct types of retailers; and (ii) the inadvertent focus on traditional retailers, such as supermarkets and department stores, as if they were representative of the population of international retailers as a whole, which contrasts with the noticeable increase in the international retail distribution of consumer products through monobranded stores.Keywords: retail internationalization, retailer types, taxonomy.A literatura carece de uma identificação clara dos diferentes tipos de firmas envolvidas com atividades varejistas internacionais, dificultando a identificação das particularidades da trajetória internacional de diferentes tipos de varejistas. Neste artigo, propomos uma taxonomia das firmas envolvidas na internacionalização varejista e discutimos as diferenças entre os padrões seguidos por cada tipo identificado. Os dados foram obtidos por meio de uma extensa revisão de literatura e de consulta a várias fontes de dados secundários (relatórios de um instituto de pesquisa e websites das firmas), bem como de visitas a lojas. A taxonomia de firmas envolvidas na internacionalização varejista resultou em três tipos distintos de players: (i) varejistas tradicionais, como Walmart e JCPenney, distribuidores de marcas de terceiros, (ii) varejistas monomarca, como Zara e H&M, distribuidores exclusivos de suas marcas e (iii) varejo direto dos fabricantes, como Adidas e Louis Vuitton, firmas desenvolvedoras de marcas que distribuem suas próprias marcas por meio de lojas monomarca, mas de forma não exclusiva, já que essas marcas também são distribuídas pelos varejistas tradicionais. Essa visão contingencial da internacionalização varejista permite a superação de dois pontos fracos desse campo: (i) pesquisas com amostras de diferentes tipos de varejistas; e (ii) conclusões com base em amostras de varejistas tradicionais, como supermercados, como se fossem representativas da população de varejistas internacionais. Notadamente, a ênfase das pesquisas com varejistas tradicionais não responde às evidências do crescimento da presença global de marcas distribuídas por meio de lojas monomarca.Palavras-chave: internacionalização varejista, tipos de varejista, taxonomia

Severity of Ascites Is Associated with Increased Mortality in Patients with Cirrhosis Secondary to Biliary Atresia

Very few prior studies have investigated the presence of ascites as a prognostic factor in children with cirrhosis. To the best of our knowledge, there are no prior studies evaluating the relationship between severity of ascites and patient survival in children with biliary atresia and cirrhosis.Clinically detectable ascites is associated with decreased 1-year survival of children with biliary atresia. These patients should be treated with caution and prioritized for liver transplantation.Background Very few prior studies have investigated the presence of ascites as a prognostic factor in children with cirrhosis. To the best of our knowledge, there are no prior studies evaluating the relationship between severity of ascites and patient survival in children with biliary atresia and cirrhosis. Aims To evaluate the association between severity of ascites and survival of children with cirrhosis and biliary atresia. Methods All children with cirrhosis secondary to biliary atresia evaluated at our institution from 2000 to 2014 were included in this study. Patients were classified into four groups: NA = no ascites; A1 = grade 1 ascites; A2 = grade 2 ascites; and A3 = grade 3 ascites. The primary endpoint of the study was mortality within the first year after patient inclusion. Ninetyday mortality was also evaluated. Prognostic factors related to both endpoints also were studied. [...]info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Perfil sociodemográfico e aspectos gestacionais de mulheres com hiv/aids de Curitiba, Brasil

Objetivo: Descrever o perfil sociodemográfico e gestacional de mulheres HIV positivo de Curitiba-PR, anos 2018-2020.Método: Pesquisa observacional, transversal, com dados do Sistema de Informação de Agravos de notificação das gestantes. Os dados foram analisados para exploração de consistência, descrição e análise.Resultados: Amostra perfilou-se majoritariamente por mulheres brancas na faixa etária de 13-30 anos. Pré-natal foi realizado por 93,8% das gestantes, sendo que 66,1% sabiam sua condição sorológica antes do pré-natal e 45% receberam a notificação no 1º trimestre. O acesso à medicação antirretroviral ocorreu para 82,4% das gestantes e para 74,6% o desfecho da gestação foi bebê nascido vivo. As variáveis estatisticamente associadas ao pré-natal foram evolução da gravidez, profilaxia com antirretroviral, tipo de parto e antirretroviral no parto (p<0,001).Conclusão: As gestantes da amostra apresentaram indicadores gestacionais desejados. Os dados coletados permitiram descrever o perfil da amostra e avaliar o desempenho da política de saúde para gestantes.Palavras-chave: HIV. Gestantes. Transmissão vertical de doenças infecciosas. Cuidado prénatal. Antirretrovirais. Política de saúde

Uma visão contingencial da internacionalização do varejo: proposição de uma taxonomia e discussão dos desafios teóricos

There is no agreement upon the set of dimensions to be used to categorize distinct types of retailers and, consequently, it is difficult to disentangle the particularities of the internationalization trajectories of specific types of retailers. In this article, we propose a taxonomy of the firms involved in international retailing and discuss the differences in the internationalization patterns of the retail business across the types of retailers. The data was collected from an extensive review of the literature on retail internationalization and from several secondary sources, such as a report of a research institute and retailers’ websites, as well as from visits to stores. The proposed taxonomy identifies three distinct types: (i) traditional retailers, (e.g., Walmart, JCPenney), which distribute a varied array of third parties’ brands, (ii) specialized branded retailers (e.g., Zara, H&M), which are exclusive distributors of their own brands, and (iii) direct branded retailers (e.g., Adidas, Louis Vuitton), firms that are brand manufacturers’ that are also distributors of their brands, but in a non-exclusive manner, as such brands are also distributed through other retailers. This contingent view of retail internationalization helps overcome two week points this field has: (i) the pervasive research practice of employing mixed samples of distinct types of retailers; and (ii) the inadvertent focus on traditional retailers, such as supermarkets and department stores, as if they were representative of the population of international retailers as a whole, which contrasts with the noticeable increase in the international retail distribution of consumer products through monobranded stores.Keywords: retail internationalization, retailer types, taxonomy.A literatura carece de uma identificação clara dos diferentes tipos de firmas envolvidas com atividades varejistas internacionais, dificultando a identificação das particularidades da trajetória internacional de diferentes tipos de varejistas. Neste artigo, propomos uma taxonomia das firmas envolvidas na internacionalização varejista e discutimos as diferenças entre os padrões seguidos por cada tipo identificado. Os dados foram obtidos por meio de uma extensa revisão de literatura e de consulta a várias fontes de dados secundários (relatórios de um instituto de pesquisa e websites das firmas), bem como de visitas a lojas. A taxonomia de firmas envolvidas na internacionalização varejista resultou em três tipos distintos de players: (i) varejistas tradicionais, como Walmart e JCPenney, distribuidores de marcas de terceiros, (ii) varejistas monomarca, como Zara e H&M, distribuidores exclusivos de suas marcas e (iii) varejo direto dos fabricantes, como Adidas e Louis Vuitton, firmas desenvolvedoras de marcas que distribuem suas próprias marcas por meio de lojas monomarca, mas de forma não exclusiva, já que essas marcas também são distribuídas pelos varejistas tradicionais. Essa visão contingencial da internacionalização varejista permite a superação de dois pontos fracos desse campo: (i) pesquisas com amostras de diferentes tipos de varejistas; e (ii) conclusões com base em amostras de varejistas tradicionais, como supermercados, como se fossem representativas da população de varejistas internacionais. Notadamente, a ênfase das pesquisas com varejistas tradicionais não responde às evidências do crescimento da presença global de marcas distribuídas por meio de lojas monomarca.Palavras-chave: internacionalização varejista, tipos de varejista, taxonomia

Whole grain bread preserved with lemon juice: a comparative study / Pão integral conservado com suco de limão: um estudo comparativo

The use of natural substances for the replacement of chemicals in food conservation is a global trend. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of lemon juice on wholemeal bread conservation and determine shelf time. This is a quantitative, laboratory and explanatory study in which three formulas of the dough with the same composition of ingredients were tested. One formula had the addition of lemon juice at the concentration of 1.75%; other with industrial antifungal at 1.0%; and the last formula without any addition. Analysis of fibers, humidity, pH and titratable acidity were performed. Shelf life for all formulations was evaluated by the visual method until the formation of mold colonies for 5 days. The samples showed similarity in the variation in humidity level (32.4 to 37.9) in relation to time, having a reduction at the first moment and then in the increase of F1 and F2, and F3 remained constant. The  fiber content of the formulations showed a discrepancy between the contents of the evaluated times. The pH of the three formulas was within the desirable range of 4.0 to 7.0 ensuring good quality for the product according to the technical pattern of baking. The acidity variation between formulas followed a common pattern. Shelf life was similar for formulas containing lemon juice and antifungal solution, however the formula without any addition had the shortest shelf time, confirming the efficiency of lemon in the conservation of wholemeal bread.

Adipose tissue of female Wistar rats respond to Ilex paraguariensis treatment after ovariectomy surgery

Background and aim: Metabolic disturbances are known for their increasing epidemiological importance. Ilex paraguariensis presents a potential option for mitigating lipid metabolism imbalance. However, most of the literature to date has not considered sex bias. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of Ilex paraguariensis on the metabolism of different adipose tissue depots in males and females. Experimental procedure: After ovariectomy, female Wistar rats received daily treatment with the extract (1 g/kg) for forty-five days. Biochemical serum parameters and tissue metabolism were evaluated. Oxidation, lipogenesis and lipolysis were evaluated in brown, white visceral, retroperitoneal and gonadal adipose tissues. Results and conclusion: The results showed that treatment with the extract led to a reduced weight gain in ovariectomised females in comparison to control. The triglyceride concentration was decreased in males. Glucose oxidation and lipid synthesis in visceral and retroperitoneal adipose tissues were restored in ovariectomised females after treatment. The response to epinephrine decreased in visceral adipose tissue of control males; however, lipolysis in females did not respond to ovariectomy or treatment. These findings highlight the enormous potential effects of I. paraguariensis on lipid metabolism, modulating lipogenic pathways in females and lipolytic pathways in males. Furthermore, the sex approach applied in this study contributes to more effective screening of the effects of I. paraguariensis bioactive substances