Schouten Bracket of Holomorphic Tensors of a Kahlerian Manifold

Abstract. It is shown that the Schouten bracket of holomorphic tensors of a compact kahlerian manifold W defines a structure of graded complex Lie algebra on the space of holomorphic tensors of the manifold. We obtain an important proposition which generalizes a wellknown result of Lichnerowicz [6,7].Ringkasan. Kita perlihatkan bahwa "Schouten bracket" dari pada tensor-tensot holomorph milik suatu manifold kahler yang kompak W mendefinisikan suatu struktur "graded complex Lie algebra" pada ruang tensor-tenso holomorph dari pada manifold tersebut. Disini diperoleh suatu proposisi yang penting yang memperluas sebuah hasil yang terkenal dari Lichnerowicz [6,7].

Prevalence and risk factors of bovine mastitis in Ambo town of West Shewa Zone, Oromia, Ethiopia

A cross-sectional study was conducted to estimate the prevalence and associatedrisk factors of mastitis in dairy cows from November, 2012 to July, 2013 in Ambotown of West Shewa Zone, Oromia Regional State. Thorough clinical examinationwas made on all lactating cows for evidence of signs of clinical mastitis followedby collection of milk sample for examination of gross changes of milk secretionand screening using California Mastitis Test (CMT). Mastitis was categorized asclinical if lactating cows exhibited clinical features of mastitis, or subclinical basedon degree of coagulation up on examination using CMT. A total of 151 dairy cowswere selected from all volunteer dairy farms in Ambo town of West Shewa Zone ofOromia region state. Sixty three (41.7%) cows had mastitis, of which 9.9% (15/151) were clinical and 31.8% (48/151) were subclinical mastitis cases. The quarter level prevalence was 44.4% (268/604), comprising 9.3% (56/604) clinical and 31.8% (198/604) subclinical forms of mastitis. In addition, 5.5% (33/604) of teats were found to be blind up on clinical examination of udder and teat. The Chi-square (χ2) analysis of intrinsic risk factors revealed significantly (P<0.05) higher prevalence of mastitis in crossbred cattle (47.2%) than indigenous (15.4%), in cattle above 7 years (75%) than less than 2-6 years of age (28%) and cows given more than 4 calves (81.3%) than those with less than 4 calves (31.1%) irrespective to their lactation stage. There was also significantly (P<0.05) higher mastitis prevalence in larger (46.6%) than smaller herds (24.2%) and among the farming systems in semi-intensive (47.1%) and intensive (42.3%) than extensive (8.1%) management system. The present study indicated higher prevalence of mastitis linked with several risk factors. Thus, early diagnosis and regular screening of cows for subclinical mastitis together with treatment of clinical cases are of paramount importance. Moreover, control and prevention strategies should be  designed and implemented with great emphasis given to risk factors to reduce bovine mastitis and its impact on milk production and food security.Keywords: Ambo town, CMT, Dairy Cows, Mastitis, Prevalence, Risk factor

Prevalence of clinical bovine dermatophilosis in dairy cattle in selected district towns of West Shewa Zone, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia

A cross-sectional study was conducted from June, 2013 to October, 2014 to determine the prevalence and associated risk factors of clinical bovine dermatophilosis in dairy cattle in selected districttowns of West Shewa Zone. A total of 816 dairy cattle from 60 dairy farms were clinically examined for skin lesion followed by microscopic examination of skin scrapings. The overall individual animal and herd level prevalence of clinical dermatophilosis were 5.0% and 18.3%, respectively. Agro-ecology, management system,ecto-parasite infestations were risk factors significantly associated with its occurrence. Consequently, the prevalence was significantly higher in cattle in mid land altitude than cattle in highlands; in cattle under semi-intensive than in intensive management system and in ecto-parasite infested than non-infested ones. However, other studied variables such as herd size, age, sex and breed did not show significant associations (p<0.05) with the disease. These findings indicate the interactions of the risk factors for the occurrence of clinical dermatophilosis in the study area. Consequently, clinical dermatophilosis might have adverse effects on production and productivity of dairy cattle. Therefore, good husbandary practices such as control of ecto-parasite and proper therapeutic intervention are of paramount importance for control of clinical bovine dermatophilosis and to reduce lossess associated to the disease.Keywords: Clinical dermatophilosis; Dairy cattle; Prevalence; Risk factor

Alternative Methods of Nutritional Status Assessment in Adolescents

The main objective of this cross-sectional study was to determine the validity of the silhouette rating scale and reported values of height and weight in assessing weight status in a group of adolescents. 245 adolescents, students of the Belgrade elementary school, aged 11–14 (12.33±0.50), were involved. Weight status was assessed by anthropometry, self- -reported height and weight and by figure rating scale. From the results obtained significant differences emerged as a function of weight status. The majority of normal weight adolescents were accurate in reporting their body size. The percentage of under-reporters was significantly higher in the overweight/obese group than in the normal weight group (c2=9.741, p=0.003). The correlation between BMI, both measured and self-reported, and perceived body size was positive and highly significant (p<0.001). Self-reported weight and height appears acceptable for estimating weight status in normal weight adolescents, but not in those who are overweight or obese. This study also demonstrated that adolescents can estimate with some accuracy their body size using figure ratings scales

Die südliche Verbreitungsgrenze der Nordischen Wühlmaus, Microtus oeconomus, auf dem Gebiet der DDR und Bemerkungen zu deren Grenzpopulationen

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Creatine consumption and liver disease manifestations in individuals aged 12 years and over

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Prevalence, risk factors and antimicrobial susceptibility profile of Salmonella isolated from dogs of Ambo, Bako and Gojo towns of West Shoa, Ethiopia

Salmonella is the most known zoonotic bacterial agent, which produces salmonellosis in animals as wells as in humans. The objectives of this study were to estimate the prevalence, to determine antimicrobial susceptibility and to assess risk factors associated with Salmonella shedding in dogs in selected towns of West Shoa Zone, Oromia, Ethiopia. Using a cross-sectional design, a total of 438 rectal swab samples were collected from randomly selected dogs for isolation and identification of Salmonella using standard procedures. A questionnaire survey was also administered. The results showed that 48 (11.0%, 95%, [CI]: 8.2% - 14.3 %) dogs were positive for Salmonella. The occurrenceof Salmonella was 10.9% (26/238), 11.6% (15/129) and 9.9% (7/71) in Ambo, Bako and Gojo towns respectively. Salmonella shedding was significantly higher in older dogs (15.0%) than younger ones (6.1 %) (P&lt;0.05). The occurrence of Salmonella was not significantly associated with study towns, sex, breed of dogs,educational level of owners, presence of other domestic animals and housing system (P&gt;0.05). Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that the odds of isolation of Salmonella was significantly higher in old than young dogs (OR): 2.6, 95% CI: 1.3-5.6, P=0.007) and in dogs eating mixed type of feeds (raw animal products, household leftover) than cooked feed (OR = 9.0, 95% CI: 1.2 – 68.1, P=0.033). There was also a significant difference between kebeles of the study areas in that Salmonella isolation was nearly nine times higher in Bako Kebele 02 (P=0.005) as compared to Ambo kebele 03. Salmonella isolates have developed the highest level of resistance for ampicillin (100%), tetracycline  (93.3%) and streptomycin (80.0 %), however, all isolates were susceptible to Norfloxacin. The occurrence of Salmonella, most of which resistant to commonly used antimicrobials, in rectal swab samples show the potential threat dogs may pose to public health in the study area.Keywords: Antimicrobial Resistance; Dog; Ethiopia; Prevalence; Risk factor; Salmonell

Comparative evaluation of the immune responses of seven chicken ecotypes to vaccination against Newcastle disease

Newcastle disease (ND) is a highly contagious viral disease of poultry with high mortality. The local velogenic viral pool of the ND strains&nbsp; influences its severity and occurrence. ND vaccination is the most feasible approach to control the disease. However, some ND-vaccinated groups within chicken populations are susceptible to velogenic ND infection developing outbreaks with marked pathological lesions and shedding of the virus. Vaccine strain-related factors as well as inadequate vaccine application and delivery methods during vaccination might explain the suboptimum ND vaccine efficacy. In this study, however, we propose that host factors may contribute to the suboptimal vaccine efficacy in vaccinated chickens. We, therefore, compared the immune response of five Ethiopian chicken ecotypes to ND&nbsp; immunization in the presence of two reference breeds (Fayoumi and Bovans). All chickens received initial immunization at age of 21 days with HB1 ND vaccine followed by two-times LaSota booster immunization at age 50 and 120 days. Subsequently, serum was collected fortnightly post-vaccination at age 35, 65, and 135 days for immune response analysis using the hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test. HIantibody was significantly higher at days 135 &gt; 65 &gt; 35 in each ecotype following the third, second, and first vaccination, respectively. The different chicken ecotypes had significant differences in HI antibody response to the ND vaccination. Accordingly, the HI titer was&nbsp; significantly higher in Jarso &gt; Cheffe &gt; Fayoumi &gt; Arsi &gt; Bovans &gt; Tepi &gt; Horro suggesting antibody titer and ND vaccine efficacy of the ND vaccine depends on host factors. Moreover, some chicken groups within each ecotype had low HI titer. Chicken ecotypes with weak immune responses may not completely clear the virus from their body; thus, they can serve as a reservoir host by maintaining the ND&nbsp; virus. We conclude that herd immunity level and blanket vaccination program based on the results of a single host genetic group can be misleading during developing and recommending a new vaccine. Hence, understanding the host determinant factors in the immune response during vaccination can lead to improved efficacy and protection against ND in chicken populations

Prevalence, risk factors and antibiogram of Escherichia coli isolated from dogs in Ambo, Gojo and Bako towns of Oromia region, Ethiopia

Dogs are a potential reservoir for Escherichia coli and other zoonotic bacterial pathogens posing the risk of infection to humans and other animals. A crosssectional study was used to collect 438 rectal swab samples from apparently healthy dogs of Ambo, Gojo, and Bako towns of West Shewa Zone with the objectives of investigating the prevalence, risk factors and antibiogram of E. coli. A questionnaire survey was administered at the household level to collect data on potential risk factors to acquire E. coli infection. Prevalence was determined by using standard bacteriological culture techniques. Further&nbsp; confirmation and antimicrobial susceptibility testing of E. coli using the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) method were&nbsp; conducted using Automated Phoenix Machine. The overall prevalence of E. coli was found to be 24.2% (95% confidence interval [CI]:20.26-28.49%). The isolation rate of E. coli was the highest in Bako 31.01%, followed by Gojo 30.99% and Ambo 18.49% towns.&nbsp; Univariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses revealed that there was a significant association between E. coli prevalence and towns and Kebeles (P&lt;0.05). However, age, sex, the presence of other domestic animals in the household, types of the housing system, educational level of the dogs’ owners, and type of feed provided to the dogs did not significantly correlate with the isolation of E. coli (P &gt; 0.05). E. coli isolates were pan-susceptible to amikacin, ertapenem, imipenem, piperacillin-tazobactam, netilmicin, ampicillin, piperacillin, cefoxitin, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, and meropenem. A low level of resistance was found to aztreonam, ceftriaxone, (each 13.95%), cefazolin (22.73%), gentamicin (11.90%), and trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole (6.97%). E. coli isolates showed multidrug resistance to aztreonam, cefazolin, ceftriaxone, gentamicin, and trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole (14.0%). This demonstrated E. coli prevalence and moderately low antimicrobial resistance&nbsp; suggests the possible risk of infection of humans. Therefore, raising public awareness about zoonotic canine disease prevention measures and good hygienic practices are essential.. Keywords: Antibiogram, Dog, Escherichia coli, Ethiopia, Prevalence, Risk facto