Functional study of pectinolytic and xylanolytic systems of Bacteroides xylanisolvens, a prominent human gut symbiont

Chez l’homme, la dégradation des fibres alimentaires est une des fonctions principales du microbiote colique. Elles ont de nombreux effets bénéfiques en santé humaine et pourtant les mécanismes microbiens mis en jeu dans leur dégradation restent encore largement méconnus. L’objectif de cette thèse était d’approfondir les connaissances sur la dégradation des polysaccharides pariétaux (hémicelluloses et pectines) par une espèce bactérienne prédominante du côlon de l’homme, Bacteroides xylanisolvens. L’analyse du transcriptome de B. xylanisolvens XB1AT a révélé l’existence de six et deux loci génomiques respectivement dédiés à la dégradation des pectines et des xylanes. Ces loci ou PULs (« Polysaccharide Utilization Loci ») sont connus chez Bacteroides pour coder pour des systèmes enzymatiques spécifiques d’un polysaccharide en particulier. L’analyse des CAZymes (Carbohydrate-Active Enzymes) codées par les PULs « pectinolytiques » a permis de proposer une cible polysaccharidique (homogalacturonane, rhamnogalaturonane de type I et II, arabinane) à cinq des six PULs identifiés. Les deux PULs « xylanolytiques » cibleraient les xylanes de faible complexité. La mutation du gène susC-like dans le PUL 49 et du gène HTCS (Hybrid Two-Component System) dans le PUL 43 a démontré l’importance respective de ces deux loci dans la fonction pectinolytique et xylanolytique de la bactérie. Le mutant HTCS a aussi permis de montrer pour la première fois que deux PUL peuvent être liés au niveau transcriptionnel. En présence de xylane, les données de protéomique ont souligné la surproduction par la bactérie d’une endo-xylanase possédant deux CBMs (Carbohydrate-Binding Modules). Cette enzyme modulaire pourrait être considérée comme un marqueur fonctionnel de la xylanolyse dans l’écosystème microbien intestinal. En conclusion, B. xylanisolvens déploie une machinerie enzymatique qui reflète la complexité des polysaccharides pariétaux de plantes. La plasticité métabolique de B. xylanisolvens vis-à-vis des fibres alimentaires contribue certainement à sa survie et son maintien dans le côlon humain. Des études d’écologie fonctionnelle ciblant la communauté fibrolytique intestinale sont encore nécessaires afin de mieux décrypter l’impact des fibres alimentaires et en particuliers des polysaccharides pariétaux sur le métabolisme microbien intestinal et par conséquent sur la santé humaine.Dietary fiber degradation is a key function of the human gut microbiota. They have many beneficial effects on human health and yet microbial mechanisms involved in their degradation remain largely unknown. The aim of this thesis was to increase our knowledge on the degradation of plant cell wall polysaccharides (hemicelluloses and pectins) by a prominent human gut bacterial species, Bacteroides xylanisolvens. The transcriptome analysis of B. xylanisolvens XB1AT revealed the existence of six and two genomic loci dedicated to the degradation of pectins and xylan, respectively. These loci or PUL ("Polysaccharide Utilization Loci") are known to encode enzyme systems in Bacteroides that are specific to a particular polysaccharide. Analysis of the CAZymes (Carbohydrate-Active Enzymes) encoded by the "Pectinolytic" PULs allowed us to propose a polysaccharide target (homogalacturonan, type I and type II rhamnogalaturonane, arabinan) to five of the six identified PULs. The two identified "xylanolytic" PULs would target low complexity xylan. Mutation of the susC-like gene of PUL 49 and of the HTCS gene (Hybrid Two-Component System) of PUL 43 showed the importance of these two loci in pectinolytic and xylanolytic functions of the bacterium, respectively. The HTCS mutant also revealed for the first time that two PULs can be linked at the transcriptional level. With xylan, proteomic data highlighted the overproduction by the bacterium of an endo-xylanase with two CBMs (Carbohydrate-Binding Modules). This modular enzyme could be considered as a functional marker of xylan breakdown in the intestinal microbial ecosystem. In conclusion, B. xylanisolvens harbors an enzymatic machinery that reflects the complexity of plant cell wall polysaccharides. The metabolic plasticity of B. xylanisolvens towards dietary fibers certainly contributes to its fitness in the human gut. Functional and ecological studies targeting the intestinal fibrolytic community are still necessary to better understand the impact of dietary fibers and in particular plant cell wall polysaccharides on the intestinal microbial metabolism and consequently on human health

Cell Heterogeneity among Bacillus cereus Populations during Cold Adaptation

Cell Heterogeneity among[i] Bacillus cereus[/i] Populations during Cold Adaptation. FoodMicro 201

Mannoside recognition and degradation by bacteria

Mannosides constitute a vast group of glycans widely distributed in nature. Produced by almost all organisms,these carbohydrates are involved in numerous cellular processes, such as cell structuration, protein maturation andsignalling, mediation of protein – protein interactions and cell recognition. The ubiquitous presence of mannosides inthe environment means they are a reliable source of carbon and energy for bacteria, which have developed complexstrategies to harvest them. This review focuses on the various mannosides that can be found in nature and details theirstructure. It underlines their involvement in cellular interactions and finally describes the latest discoveries regardingthe catalytic machinery and metabolic pathways that bacteria have developed to metabolize them

Unsaturated fatty acids from food and in the growth medium improve growth of Bacillus cereus under cold and anaerobic conditions.

International audienceIn a chemically defined medium and in Luria broth, cold strongly reduced maximal population density of Bacillus cereus ATCC 14579 in anaerobiosis and caused formation of filaments. In cooked spinach, maximal population density of B. cereus in anaerobiosis was the same at cold and optimal temperatures, with normal cell divisions. The lipid containing fraction of spinach, but not the hydrophilic fraction, restored growth of B. cereus under cold and anaerobiosis when added to the chemically defined medium. This fraction was rich in unsaturated, low melting point fatty acids. Addition of phosphatidylcholine containing unsaturated, low melting point, fatty acids similarly improved B. cereus anaerobic growth at cold temperature. Addition of hydrogenated phosphatidylcholine containing saturated, high melting point, fatty acids did not modify growth. Fatty acids from phospholipids, from spinach and from hy-drogenated phosphatidylcholine, although normally very rare in B. cereus, were inserted in the bacterium membrane. Addition of phospholipids rich in unsaturated fatty acids to cold and anaerobic cultures, increased fluidity of B. cereus membrane lipids, to the same level as those from B. cereus normally cold adapted, i.e. grown aerobically at 15 C. B. cereus is therefore able to use external fatty acids from foods or from the growth medium to adapt its membrane to cold temperature under anaerobiosis, and to recover the maximal population density achieved at optimal temperature

Xylan degradation by the human gut Bacteroides xylanisolvens XB1A(T) involves two distinct gene clusters that are linked at the transcriptional level

International audienceBackgroundPlant cell wall (PCW) polysaccharides and especially xylans constitute an important part of human diet. Xylans are not degraded by human digestive enzymes in the upper digestive tract and therefore reach the colon where they are subjected to extensive degradation by some members of the symbiotic microbiota. Xylanolytic bacteria are the first degraders of these complex polysaccharides and they release breakdown products that can have beneficial effects on human health. In order to understand better how these bacteria metabolize xylans in the colon, this study was undertaken to investigate xylan breakdown by the prominent human gut symbiont Bacteroides xylanisolvens XB1AT.ResultsTranscriptomic analyses of B. xylanisolvens XB1AT grown on insoluble oat-spelt xylan (OSX) at mid- and late-log phases highlighted genes in a polysaccharide utilization locus (PUL), hereafter called PUL 43, and genes in a fragmentary remnant of another PUL, hereafter referred to as rPUL 70, which were highly overexpressed on OSX relative to glucose. Proteomic analyses supported the up-regulation of several genes belonging to PUL 43 and showed the important over-production of a CBM4-containing GH10 endo-xylanase. We also show that PUL 43 is organized in two operons and that the knockout of the PUL 43 sensor/regulator HTCS gene blocked the growth of the mutant on insoluble OSX and soluble wheat arabinoxylan (WAX). The mutation not only repressed gene expression in the PUL 43 operons but also repressed gene expression in rPUL 70.ConclusionThis study shows that xylan degradation by B. xylanisolvens XB1AT is orchestrated by one PUL and one PUL remnant that are linked at the transcriptional level. Coupled to studies on other xylanolytic Bacteroides species, our data emphasize the importance of one peculiar CBM4-containing GH10 endo-xylanase in xylan breakdown and that this modular enzyme may be used as a functional marker of xylan degradation in the human gut. Our results also suggest that B. xylanisolvens XB1AT has specialized in the degradation of xylans of low complexity. This functional feature may provide a niche to all xylanolytic bacteria harboring similar PULs. Further functional and ecological studies on fibrolytic Bacteroides species are needed to better understand their role in dietary fiber degradation and their impact on intestinal health

Unraveling the pectinolytic function of Bacteroides xylanisolvens using a RNA-seq approach and mutagenesis

Erratum to: Unraveling the pectinolytic function of Bacteroides xylanisolvens using a RNA-seq approach and mutagenesis BMC Genomics 2016 17:426 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-2758-3 After publication of the original article [1], it came to the authors’ attention that a funding source received by B. Henrissat had been accidently omitted from the Acknowledgements. The following sentence should have been included in the original articleInternational audienceBACKGROUND: Diet and particularly dietary fibres have an impact on the gut microbiome and play an important role in human health and disease. Pectin is a highly consumed dietary fibre found in fruits and vegetables and is also a widely used additive in the food industry. Yet there is no information on the effect of pectin on the human gut microbiome. Likewise, little is known on gut pectinolytic bacteria and their enzyme systems. This study was undertaken to investigate the mechanisms of pectin degradation by the prominent human gut symbiont Bacteroides xylanisolvens.RESULTS: Transcriptomic analyses of B. xylanisolvens XB1A grown on citrus and apple pectins at mid- and late-log phases highlighted six polysaccharide utilization loci (PUL) that were overexpressed on pectin relative to glucose. The PUL numbers used in this report are those given by Terrapon et al. (Bioinformatics 31(5):647-55, 2015) and found in the PUL database: http://www.cazy.org/PULDB/. Based on their CAZyme composition, we propose that PUL 49 and 50, the most overexpressed PULs on both pectins and at both growth phases, are involved in homogalacturonan (HG) and type I rhamnogalacturonan (RGI) degradation, respectively. PUL 13 and PUL 2 could be involved in the degradation of arabinose-containing side chains and of type II rhamnogalacturonan (RGII), respectively. Considering that HG is the most abundant moiety (>70%) within pectin, the importance of PUL 49 was further investigated by insertion mutagenesis into the susC-like gene. The insertion blocked transcription of the susC-like and the two downstream genes (susD-like/FnIII). The mutant showed strong growth reduction, thus confirming that PUL 49 plays a major role in pectin degradation.CONCLUSION: This study shows the existence of six PULs devoted to pectin degradation by B. xylanisolvens, one of them being particularly important in this function. Hence, this species deploys a very complex enzymatic machinery that probably reflects the structural complexity of pectin. Our findings also highlight the metabolic plasticity of B. xylanisolvens towards dietary fibres that contributes to its competitive fitness within the human gut ecosystem. Wider functional and ecological studies are needed to understand how dietary fibers and especially plant cell wall polysaccharides drive the composition and metabolism of the fibrolytic and non-fibrolytic community within the gut microbial ecosystem

Unraveling the pectinolytic function of Bacteroides xylanisolvens using a RNA-seq approach and mutagenesis

Erratum to: Unraveling the pectinolytic function of Bacteroides xylanisolvens using a RNA-seq approach and mutagenesis BMC Genomics 2016 17:426 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-2758-3 After publication of the original article [1], it came to the authors’ attention that a funding source received by B. Henrissat had been accidently omitted from the Acknowledgements. The following sentence should have been included in the original articleInternational audienceBACKGROUND: Diet and particularly dietary fibres have an impact on the gut microbiome and play an important role in human health and disease. Pectin is a highly consumed dietary fibre found in fruits and vegetables and is also a widely used additive in the food industry. Yet there is no information on the effect of pectin on the human gut microbiome. Likewise, little is known on gut pectinolytic bacteria and their enzyme systems. This study was undertaken to investigate the mechanisms of pectin degradation by the prominent human gut symbiont Bacteroides xylanisolvens.RESULTS: Transcriptomic analyses of B. xylanisolvens XB1A grown on citrus and apple pectins at mid- and late-log phases highlighted six polysaccharide utilization loci (PUL) that were overexpressed on pectin relative to glucose. The PUL numbers used in this report are those given by Terrapon et al. (Bioinformatics 31(5):647-55, 2015) and found in the PUL database: http://www.cazy.org/PULDB/. Based on their CAZyme composition, we propose that PUL 49 and 50, the most overexpressed PULs on both pectins and at both growth phases, are involved in homogalacturonan (HG) and type I rhamnogalacturonan (RGI) degradation, respectively. PUL 13 and PUL 2 could be involved in the degradation of arabinose-containing side chains and of type II rhamnogalacturonan (RGII), respectively. Considering that HG is the most abundant moiety (>70%) within pectin, the importance of PUL 49 was further investigated by insertion mutagenesis into the susC-like gene. The insertion blocked transcription of the susC-like and the two downstream genes (susD-like/FnIII). The mutant showed strong growth reduction, thus confirming that PUL 49 plays a major role in pectin degradation.CONCLUSION: This study shows the existence of six PULs devoted to pectin degradation by B. xylanisolvens, one of them being particularly important in this function. Hence, this species deploys a very complex enzymatic machinery that probably reflects the structural complexity of pectin. Our findings also highlight the metabolic plasticity of B. xylanisolvens towards dietary fibres that contributes to its competitive fitness within the human gut ecosystem. Wider functional and ecological studies are needed to understand how dietary fibers and especially plant cell wall polysaccharides drive the composition and metabolism of the fibrolytic and non-fibrolytic community within the gut microbial ecosystem

Additional file 1: of Xylan degradation by the human gut Bacteroides xylanisolvens XB1AT involves two distinct gene clusters that are linked at the transcriptional level

Table S1. RNA-seq mapping assessment. Table S2. Xylanase specific activity of B xylanisolvens XB1AT. Table S3. Proteins identified by MALDI-TOF MS or LC-ESI-MS/MS over-produced upon growth of B. xylanisolvens XB1AT on OSX relative to xylose. Table S4. Composition of the commercial oat-spelt xylan (SERVA, France) used in this study. Table S5. Primers used for RT-PCR (to amplify the intergenic regions between two consecutive ORFs within PUL 43). Table S6. Primers used for relative RT-qPCR. Table S7. Primers used for insertion mutagenesis into PUL 43 HTCS gene (BXY_29350). Figure S1. Growth of B. xylanisolvens XB1AT (Wt) and PUL 43 HTCS (BXY_29350) mutant on glucose, xylose, wheat arabinoxylan (WAX) and oat-spelt xylan (OSX). Figure S2. B. xylanisolvens XB1AT gene expression in response to oat-spelt xylan (OSX) and xylose relative to glucose obtained from RNA-seq analysis. Figure S3. B. xylanisolvens XB1AT PUL expression in response to xylose relative to glucose at late-log phase obtained from RNA-seq analysis. Figure S4. Schematic layout of the mutant construction and validation of pGERM:HTCS insertion into PUL 43 HTCS gene (BXY_29350) of B. xylanisolvens XB1A genome. (XLSX 454 kb