Effect of rubella vaccine to plasmodium-infected mice parasitemia levels

Malaria, an infectious disease causes by Plasmodium, contribute to 300-900 million morbidities and 1-3 million mortalities, annually. This study aimed to determine the Rubella vaccine potency to inhibit Plasmodium berghei merozoite invasion to erythrocyte which evaluated from parasitemia levels, mortality and mice clinical condition. This study conducted in mice injected Rubella vaccine prior injected with P. berghei. There were four groups: A, B and C injected with 500 µl, 2 µl, and 1 µl rubella vaccine respectively. Group D injected with 500 µl sterile aqua, as control group. After 28 days of vaccination all mice injected with 0.2 ml P. berghei. Furthermore, we observed to parasitemia levels, death, and clinical condition of mice to assess Rubella vaccine effectiveness to inhibit merozoite invasion. The results shown Rubella vaccine did not provide significant effect on parasitemia levels. It might Rubella vaccine dose we used under effective dose and less effective of target site. However, our study shown Rubella vaccine provided significant effect on mice mortality (p0.05). It is probably due to Rubella antigen (213-239 amino acid sequence) and malaria antigen merozoite surface protein (MSP)-119 (sequence amino acid 238) has similar structure, thus it was likely generated cross-immunity. In conclusion, 28 days Rubella vaccination did not provide significant effect on parasitemia levels, however it provided significant effect on mice mortality with infected by P. berghei

Sodium Benzoate is Associated with Salmonella Typhi Resistant to Chloramphenicol

Background: There are many factors that govern growth and resistant of Salmonella typhi. A study had reported that the use of sodium benzoate caused antibiotic resistant. However, no study has directly evaluated the effect of sodium benzoate exposure on S. typhi sensitivity to chloramphenicol. The aim of this study was to evaluate the resistance or sensitivity of S. typhi to chloramphenicol after sodium benzoate exposure. Methods: The study was conducted in seven groups: three treatment groups (sodium benzoate insensitive S. typhi+8 µg/mL, 16 µg/mL, and 32 µg/mL of chloramphenicol), three positive control groups (sodium benzoate sensitive S. typhi+8 µg/mL, 16 µg/mL, and 32 µg/mL of chloramphenicol), and one negative control groups (sodium benzoate sensitive S. typhi+0 µg/mL of chloramphenicol). The effect of sodium benzoate exposure to S. typhi sensitivity to chloramphenicol was measured after 24 hours. Spearman test was used to analyzed this association. Results: In this study, we found that the average S. typhi growth in the treatment groups (A, B, C) was 445 CFU/mL, 385 CFU/mL, and 171 CFU/mL, respectively. While in the positive control group (D, E, F) was not obtained any S. typhi growth. Average S. typhi growth in the negative control group was 430 CFU/mL. Discussion: We found that sodium benzoate exposure inhibited S. typhi growth and affected S. typhi sensitivity to chloramphenicol (p<0.05). In addition, we found that 32 µg/mL chloramphenicol had the highest mean difference value, so this showed that the dose 32 µg/mL of chloramphenicol had the best effectiveness of various treatment groups (p<0.05). Conclusions: Sodium benzoate exposure can inhibit S. typhi growth and cause S. typhi resistant to chloramphenicol.&nbsp

Community Willingness to Participate in a Dengue Study in Aceh Province, Indonesia

Background: Dengue virus infection is the most rapidly spreading vector-borne disease in the world. Essential research on dengue virus transmission and its prevention requires community participation. Therefore, it is crucial to understand the factors that are associated with the willingness of communities in high prevalence areas to participate in dengue research. The aim of this study was to explore factors associated with the willingness of healthy community members in Aceh province, Indonesia, to participate in dengue research that would require phlebotomy. Methodology/Principal Findings: A community-based cross-sectional study was carried out in nine regencies and municipalities of Aceh from November 2014 to March 2015. Interviews using a set of validated questionnaires were conducted to collect data on demography, history of dengue infection, socioeconomic status, and knowledge, attitude and practice regarding dengue fever. Two-step logistic regression and Spearman's rank correlation (rs) analysis were used to assess the influence of independent variables on dependent variables. Among 535 participants, less than 20% had a good willingness to participate in the dengue study. The factors associated with good willingness to participate were being female, working as a civil servant, private employee or entrepreneur, having a high socioeconomic status and good knowledge, attitude and practice regarding dengue. Good knowledge and attitude regarding dengue were positive independent predictors of willingness to participate (OR: 2.30 [95% CI: 1.36-3.90] and 3.73 [95% CI: 2.24-6.21], respectively). Conclusion/Significance: The willingness to participate in dengue research is very low among community members in Aceh, and the two most important associated factors are knowledge and attitude regarding dengue. To increase participation rate, efforts to improve the knowledge and attitude of community members regarding dengue fever and dengue-related research is required before such studies are launched

The association between interleukin 6 −174 G/C gene polymorphism and the risk of osteoporosis: A meta-analysis

أهداف البحث: تهدف هذه الدراسة للتحقيق في العلاقة بين تعدد الأشكال الجينية للجين IL 6-174 G/C وخطر هشاشة العظام باستخدام التحليل التلوي. طرق البحث: تم البحث عن المقالات المنشورة في قاعدة المعلوماتPubMed و EMBASE المؤهلة للنشر. واُستخرجت المعلومات التالية من كل بحث: اسم الباحث الأول، سنة النشر، بلد المنشأ، حجم عينة الحالات والضوابط٬ وحجم كل أليل. كما تم تقييم نسبة الأرجحية المشتركة وفترة الثقة ٩٥٪ للعلاقة بين تعدد الأشكال الجينية للجين IL 6-174 G/C مع خطر هشاشة العظام باستخدام نموذج الأثر العشوائي أو الثابت. واستخدام التحليل التلوي الشامل لتحليل البيانات. النتائج: شملت الدراسة ١٢ بحثا (٤٩٢٣حالة ⁄ ٣٤٣١ ضابطة) في التحليل التلوي. وأظهرت النتائج أن الجين IL 6-174 G/C متعدد الأشكال الجينية كان مرتبطا بزيادة (G vs C) وانخفاض خطورة حدوث هشاشة العظام (G vs C). الاستنتاجات: أظهر الجين متعدد الأشكال IL 6-174 G/Cارتباطا إيجابيا مع خطورة حدوث هشاشة العظام

Dengue vaccine acceptance and willingness to pay

The introduction of new vaccines is accompanied by a variety of challenges. Among these, very important ones concern the questions whether the public is willing to accept and willing to purchase the vaccine. Here we discuss factors associated with these questions in the context of vaccines that are becoming available against dengue virus infection. We reviewed published studies available from PubMed and Embase, conducting a meta-analysis when possible and narrative review when the data did not qualify for meta-analysis. We found that attitude toward vaccination and socioeconomic level had significant associations with dengue vaccine acceptance. In addition, socioeconomic level, knowledge, attitude and practice regarding dengue fever, having personally experienced dengue fever and vaccine price were associated with willingness to pay for dengue vaccine. To improve acceptance and willingness to pay for dengue vaccine, well-designed introduction programs that address the associated factors in a context-specific manner are essential

Sodium Benzoate is Associated with Salmonella typhi Resistant to Chloramphenicol

Background: There are many factors that govern growth and resistant of Salmonella typhi. A study had reported that the use of sodium benzoate caused antibiotic resistant. However, no study has directly evaluated the effect of sodium benzoate exposure on S. typhi sensitivity to chloramphenicol. The aim of this study was to evaluate the resistance or sensitivity of S. typhi to chloramphenicol after sodium benzoate exposure. Methods: The study was conducted in seven groups: three treatment groups (sodium benzoate insensitive S. typhi+8 µg/mL, 16 µg/mL, and 32 µg/mL of chloramphenicol), three positive control groups (sodium benzoate sensitive S. typhi+8 µg/mL, 16 µg/mL, and 32 µg/mL of chloramphenicol), and one negative control groups (sodium benzoate sensitive S. typhi+0 µg/mL of chloramphenicol). The effect of sodium benzoate exposure to S. typhi sensitivity to chloramphenicol was measured after 24 hours. Spearman test was used to analyzed this association. Results: In this study, we found that the average S. typhi growth in the treatment groups (A, B, C) was 445 CFU/mL, 385 CFU/mL, and 171 CFU/mL, respectively. While in the positive control group (D, E, F) was not obtained any S. typhi growth. Average S. typhi growth in the negative control group was 430 CFU/mL. Discussion: We found that sodium benzoate exposure inhibited S. typhi growth and affected S. typhi sensitivity to chloramphenicol (p<0.05). In addition, we found that 32 µg/mL chloramphenicol had the highest mean difference value, so this showed that the dose 32 µg/mL of chloramphenicol had the best effectiveness of various treatment groups (p<0.05). Conclusions: Sodium benzoate exposure can inhibit S. typhi growth and cause S. typhi resistant to chloramphenicol.&nbsp

Sodium Benzoate is Associated with Salmonella typhi Resistant to Chloramphenicol

Background: There are many factors that govern growth and resistant of Salmonella typhi. A study had reported that the use of sodium benzoate caused antibiotic resistant. However, no study has directly evaluated the effect of sodium benzoate exposure on S. typhi sensitivity to chloramphenicol. The aim of this study was to evaluate the resistance or sensitivity of S. typhi to chloramphenicol after sodium benzoate exposure. Methods: The study was conducted in seven groups: three treatment groups (sodium benzoate insensitive S. typhi+8 μg/mL, 16 μg/mL, and 32 μg/mL of chloramphenicol), three positive control groups (sodium benzoate sensitive S. typhi+8 μg/mL, 16 μg/mL, and 32 μg/mL of chloramphenicol), and one negative control groups (sodium benzoate sensitive S. typhi+0 μg/mL of chloramphenicol). The effect of sodium benzoate exposure to S. typhi sensitivity to chloramphenicol was measured after 24 hours. Spearman test was used to analyzed this association. Results: In this study, we found that the average S. typhi growth in the treatment groups (A, B, C) was 445 CFU/mL, 385 CFU/mL, and 171 CFU/mL, respectively. While in the positive control group (D, E, F) was not obtained any S. typhi growth. Average S. typhi growth in the negative control group was 430 CFU/mL. Discussion: We found that sodium benzoate exposure inhibited S. typhi growth and affected S. typhi sensitivity to chloramphenicol (p<0.05). In addition, we found that 32 μg/mL chloramphenicol had the highest mean difference value, so this showed that the dose 32 &micro;g/mL of chloramphenicol had the best effectiveness of various treatment groups (p<0.05). Conclusions: Sodium benzoate exposure can inhibit S. typhi growth and cause S. typhi resistant to chloramphenicol

Korelasi Derajat Graves' Ophthalmopathy dengan Durasi Menderita Hipertiroid

Graves' ophthalmopathy merupakan penyakit autoimun. Studi ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui distribusi manifestasi klinis Graves' ophthalmopathy dan mengetahui kaitan lama menderita hipertiroid dengan derajat keparahan Graves' ophthalmopathy. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian observasional analitik dengan 34 sampel penderita Graves' ophthalmopathy. Data dianalisis menggunakan uji Spearman. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa distribusi manifestasi klinis penderita Graves' ophthalmopathy di poliklinik endokrin RSUZA adalah 23,5% derajat 0; 8,8% derajat 1; 14,7% dengan derajat 2; 14,7% derajat 3; 11,7% derajat 4; 20,5% derajat 5; dan 5,8% derajat 6. Terdapat asosiasi signifikan antara lama menderita hipertiroid dengan derajat Graves' ophthalmopathy (p=0,000). Kebanyakan penderita Graves' ophthalmopathy memiliki manifestasi klinis derajat 0 dan lama menderita hipertiroid berbanding lurus dengan tingkat keparahan Graves' ophthalmopathy.Graves' ophthalmopathy is an autoimmune disease. The aim of this study is to determine the characteristic of the clinical manifestations of Graves' ophthalmopathy and the association between duration of hyperthyroidism and the degree of Grave's ophthalmopathy. It is an analytical observational study in 34 patients with Graves' ophthalmopathy. Data were analyzed using the Spearman test. It showed that 23.5% of the patients were in stage 0; 8.8% were in stage 1; 14.7% were in stage 2; 14.7% were in stage 3; 11.7% were in stage 4; 20.5% were in stage 5; and 5.8% were in stage 6. There was a significant association between the degree of Graves' ophthalmopathy and duration of hyperthyroidism. Majority of the patients with Graves' ophthalmopathy had clinical manifestation of stage 0 and the duration of hyperthyroidism was significantly associated with the severity of Graves' ophthalmopathy

Persistence of long COVID symptoms in COVID-19 survivors worldwide and its potential pathogenesis - A systematic review and meta-analysis

The study sought to determine the prevalence of persistent long COVID symptoms such as anxiety, depression, dizziness, chest pain, sleep difficulty, palpitations, weight loss, and hair loss among coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) survivors worldwide and to discuss the potential pathogeneses. Potential studies were searched in three databases (PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science) as of January 30, 2021. Data on study characteristics, patient characteristics during the follow-up, the number of patients with persistent long COVID symptoms and total COVID-19 survivors were collected according to PRISMA guidelines. To assess the quality of studies, the Newcastle-Ottawa scale was used. The estimated prevalence of each long COVID symptom and the association between COVID-19 severity and the occurrence of prolonged symptoms was assessed, if appropriate. The global prevalence of prolonged anxiety was 15.76% (95%CI: 6.36%, 25.15%). Chest pain persisted in 10.36% (239/3,224) of COVID-19 patients (95%CI: 4.92%, 15.80%). Prolonged depression was found in 24 of 548 COVID-19 survivors with an estimated prevalence of 4.32% (95%CI: 2.62%, 6.03%) and dizziness was presented in 4.83% (118/2,219, 95%CI: 1.50%, 8.16%) after recovery. Hair loss was complained by 527 of 2,251 recovered patients (cumulative prevalence of 24.76%, 95%CI: 19.60%, 29.91%), while weight loss was identified in 37 cases among 452 COVID-19 survivors (8.19%, 95%CI: 5.66%, 10.71%). Prolonged palpitation was experienced by 19.38% (211/1,926) survivors with 95%CI: 2.40%, 41.16%. Sleep difficulty was found in 541 of 2,622 COVID-19 survivors (17.87%, 95%CI: 7.55%, 28.20%). The association between COVID-19 severity and the occurrence of persistent long COVID symptoms was not analyzed due to the lack of data. In conclusion, persistent psychological symptoms are frequently reported among COVID-19 survivors. Follow-up studies with a longer duration and larger population are warranted to assess the extent of prolonged symptoms and the quality of life of COVID-19 survivors. Despite various potential pathogeneses that have been hypothesized, a definitive mechanism is yet to be addressed

Persistence of long COVID symptoms in COVID-19 survivors worldwide and its potential pathogenesis - A systematic review and meta-analysis

The study sought to determine the prevalence of persistent long COVID symptoms such as anxiety, depression, dizziness, chest pain, sleep difficulty, palpitations, weight loss, and hair loss among coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) survivors worldwide and to discuss the potential pathogeneses. Potential studies were searched in three databases (PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science) as of January 30, 2021. Data on study characteristics, patient characteristics during the follow-up, the number of patients with persistent long COVID symptoms and total COVID-19 survivors were collected according to PRISMA guidelines. To assess the quality of studies, the Newcastle-Ottawa scale was used. The estimated prevalence of each long COVID symptom and the association between COVID-19 severity and the occurrence of prolonged symptoms was assessed, if appropriate. The global prevalence of prolonged anxiety was 15.76% (95%CI: 6.36%, 25.15%). Chest pain persisted in 10.36% (239/3,224) of COVID-19 patients (95%CI: 4.92%, 15.80%). Prolonged depression was found in 24 of 548 COVID-19 survivors with an estimated prevalence of 4.32% (95%CI: 2.62%, 6.03%) and dizziness was presented in 4.83% (118/2,219, 95%CI: 1.50%, 8.16%) after recovery. Hair loss was complained by 527 of 2,251 recovered patients (cumulative prevalence of 24.76%, 95%CI: 19.60%, 29.91%), while weight loss was identified in 37 cases among 452 COVID-19 survivors (8.19%, 95%CI: 5.66%, 10.71%). Prolonged palpitation was experienced by 19.38% (211/1,926) survivors with 95%CI: 2.40%, 41.16%. Sleep difficulty was found in 541 of 2,622 COVID-19 survivors (17.87%, 95%CI: 7.55%, 28.20%). The association between COVID-19 severity and the occurrence of persistent long COVID symptoms was not analyzed due to the lack of data. In conclusion, persistent psychological symptoms are frequently reported among COVID-19 survivors. Follow-up studies with a longer duration and larger population are warranted to assess the extent of prolonged symptoms and the quality of life of COVID-19 survivors. Despite various potential pathogeneses that have been hypothesized, a definitive mechanism is yet to be addressed