PERENCANAAN BIAYA BERDASARKAN JUMLAH DAN WAKTU PEMESANAN DENGAN METODE MRP (MATERIAL REQUIREMENT PLANNING) (STUDI KASUS:DILAKUKAN PADA PROYEK PEMBANGUNAN TERMINAL AKAP TANGKOKO BITUNG)

Perencanaan pengadaan material pada dasarnya merupakan masalah yang sangat penting dalam pelaksanaan kegiatan proyek. Apabila terjadi kelebihan atau kekurangan persediaan bahan dapat mengganggu kelancaran proyek. Pada prinsipnya, perencanaan pengadaan material yang tidak baik akan menimbulkan jalannya kegiatan proyek akan terhambat. Perencanaan pengadaan bahan (Material Requirement Planning) adalah suatu metode untuk menentukan kapan suatu material harus tersedia dan berapa banyak material yang dibutuhkan pada pelaksanaan proyek. Lot - Sizing merupakan langkah dasar dari Material Requirement Planning dalam menentukan jumlah suatu bahan yang harus dipesan untuk mendapatkan biaya-biaya persediaan yang optimum. Teknik lot-sizing yang dipilih adalah Part Period Balancing. Penelitian ini bertujuan mempelajari sejauh mana metode ini dapat merencanakan pengadaan material pada proyek pembangunan terminal AKAP Tangkoko Kota Bitung, untuk mengembangkan model penerapan teknik part period balancing kedalam proyek yang dikendalikan dengan Master Schedule. Keluaran kebutuhan bahan tiap periode dari pendistribusian material tersebut merupakan kebutuhan kotor. Untuk melakukan lot-zing diperlukan data-data ongkos persediaan. Berdasarkan status persediaan proyek dapat diperoleh kebutuhan bersih yang akan digunakan dalam proses lot-sizing, untuk menentukan besarnya pesanan serta persediaan-persediaan bahan yang timbul pada tiap periode. Kemudian berdasarkan waktu ancang yang dimiliki, dapat ditentukan waktu pemesanan.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa metode Material Requirement Planning dengan teknik Part Period Balancing dapat dikendalikan dengan Master schedule, dan dapat mereduksi persediaan diproyek serta mengoptimalkan biaya persediaan. Kata kunci: perencanaan biaya, pengadaan material, MRP, Lot-Sizing, Part Period Balancin

Stereospecific Intramolecular Arylation of 2- and 3-Pyridyl Substituted Alkylamines via Configurationally Stable α-Pyridyl Organolithiums

Treatment of <i>N</i>′-aryl urea derivatives of enantiomerically enriched α-(2-pyridyl) and α-(3-pyridyl)­alkylamines with a base leads to the migration of the <i>N</i>′-aryl substituent from N to C in a ‘nonclassical’ intramolecular nucleophilic aromatic substitution reaction. Both electron-rich and -poor rings migrate successfully. A new quaternary stereogenic center is formed adjacent to the pyridine ring with high stereospecificity, even when the intermediate anion is a presumably planar 2-picolyllithium. Base hydrolysis of the urea gives enantiomerically enriched α-pyridylalkylamines

Management of asymptomatic arrhythmias: a European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA) consensus document, endorsed by the Heart Failure Association (HFA), Heart Rhythm Society (HRS), Asia Pacific Heart Rhythm Society (APHRS), Cardiac Arrhythmia Society of Southern Africa (CASSA), and Latin America Heart Rhythm Society (LAHRS).

Asymptomatic arrhythmias are frequently encountered in clinical practice. Although studies specifically dedicated to these asymptomatic arrhythmias are lacking, many arrhythmias still require proper diagnostic and prognostic evaluation and treatment to avoid severe consequences, such as stroke or systemic emboli, heart failure, or sudden cardiac death. The present document reviews the evidence, where available, and attempts to reach a consensus, where evidence is insufficient or conflicting

The Long-Baseline Neutrino Experiment: Exploring Fundamental Symmetries of the Universe

The preponderance of matter over antimatter in the early Universe, the dynamics of the supernova bursts that produced the heavy elements necessary for life and whether protons eventually decay --- these mysteries at the forefront of particle physics and astrophysics are key to understanding the early evolution of our Universe, its current state and its eventual fate. The Long-Baseline Neutrino Experiment (LBNE) represents an extensively developed plan for a world-class experiment dedicated to addressing these questions. LBNE is conceived around three central components: (1) a new, high-intensity neutrino source generated from a megawatt-class proton accelerator at Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, (2) a near neutrino detector just downstream of the source, and (3) a massive liquid argon time-projection chamber deployed as a far detector deep underground at the Sanford Underground Research Facility. This facility, located at the site of the former Homestake Mine in Lead, South Dakota, is approximately 1,300 km from the neutrino source at Fermilab -- a distance (baseline) that delivers optimal sensitivity to neutrino charge-parity symmetry violation and mass ordering effects. This ambitious yet cost-effective design incorporates scalability and flexibility and can accommodate a variety of upgrades and contributions. With its exceptional combination of experimental configuration, technical capabilities, and potential for transformative discoveries, LBNE promises to be a vital facility for the field of particle physics worldwide, providing physicists from around the globe with opportunities to collaborate in a twenty to thirty year program of exciting science. In this document we provide a comprehensive overview of LBNE's scientific objectives, its place in the landscape of neutrino physics worldwide, the technologies it will incorporate and the capabilities it will possess.Comment: Major update of previous version. This is the reference document for LBNE science program and current status. Chapters 1, 3, and 9 provide a comprehensive overview of LBNE's scientific objectives, its place in the landscape of neutrino physics worldwide, the technologies it will incorporate and the capabilities it will possess. 288 pages, 116 figure

Bone Marrow B cell Precursor Number after Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation and GVHD Development

Patients without chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD) have robust B cell reconstitution and are able to maintain B cell homeostasis after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). To determine whether B lymphopoiesis differs before cGVHD develops, we examined bone marrow (BM) biopsies for terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) and PAX5 immunostaining early post-HSCTat day 30 when all patients have been shown to have high B cell activating factor (BAFF) levels. We found significantly greater numbers of BM B cell precursors in patients who did not develop cGVHD compared with those who developed cGVHD (median = 44 vs 2 cells/high powered field [hpf]; respectively; P < .001). Importantly, a significant increase in precursor B cells was maintained when patients receiving high-dose steroid therapy were excluded (median = 49 vs 20 cells/hpf; P =.017). Thus, we demonstrate the association of BM B cell production capacity in human GVHD development. Increased BM precursor B cell number may serve to predict good clinical outcome after HSCT

Schizophrenia-associated somatic copy-number variants from 12,834 cases reveal recurrent NRXN1 and ABCB11 disruptions

While germline copy-number variants (CNVs) contribute to schizophrenia (SCZ) risk, the contribution of somatic CNVs (sCNVs)—present in some but not all cells—remains unknown. We identified sCNVs using blood-derived genotype arrays from 12,834 SCZ cases and 11,648 controls, filtering sCNVs at loci recurrently mutated in clonal blood disorders. Likely early-developmental sCNVs were more common in cases (0.91%) than controls (0.51%, p = 2.68e−4), with recurrent somatic deletions of exons 1–5 of the NRXN1 gene in five SCZ cases. Hi-C maps revealed ectopic, allele-specific loops forming between a potential cryptic promoter and non-coding cis-regulatory elements upon 5′ deletions in NRXN1. We also observed recurrent intragenic deletions of ABCB11, encoding a transporter implicated in anti-psychotic response, in five treatment-resistant SCZ cases and showed that ABCB11 is specifically enriched in neurons forming mesocortical and mesolimbic dopaminergic projections. Our results indicate potential roles of sCNVs in SCZ risk

Peripheral muscle dysfunction and pulmonary rehabilitation in COPD : benefits of an antioxidant supplementation

La réhabilitation respiratoire tient une place importante dans la prise en charge des patients atteints de Broncho-pneumopathie chronique obstructive (BPCO) stables en induisant des bénéfices au niveau de la tolérance à l’effort, la fonction et la masse musculaire périphérique. La présence d’un stress oxydant élevé à l’état basal, considéré comme un des principaux facteurs impliqués dans l’atteinte musculaire périphérique, est bien admise malgré les discordances rapportées dans la littérature notamment au niveau du système antioxydant. L’absence d’amélioration des marqueurs du stress oxydant au cours d’un programme de réhabilitation respiratoire constitue une limite probable aux adaptations musculaires escomptées. Cependant, même si une supplémentation en antioxydants semble être une intervention adaptée permettant de réduire le stress oxydant et d’améliorer l’atteinte musculaire périphérique, son efficacité reste toujours à prouver chez les patients BPCO.Ainsi, nos objectifs étaient de déterminer et caractériser l’hétérogénéité des marqueurs du stress oxydant en vue d’étudier les effets d’une supplémentation en antioxydants adaptée sur des marqueurs spécifiques de l’atteinte musculaire périphérique des patients BPCO stables. A travers une analyse globale intégrant toute la complexité du stress oxydant, ce travail de thèse a montré que les principaux déficits en antioxydants chez les patients BPCO stables se situent au niveau de l’équilibre vitamine C/E, du zinc et du sélénium. De plus, nos résultats ont permis de déterminer des profils de patients caractérisés notamment par des sous-groupes de femmes ayant une majoration des taux de peroxydes lipidiques. Basé sur les principaux déficits identifiés et malgré l’importante hétérogénité des réponses, nous avons montré qu’une supplémentation en antioxydants permettait d’optimiser les bénéfices d’un programme de réhabilitation respiratoire en améliorant la FMIV, la Vo2sl et la surface de section transversale (SSt) des fibres musculaires de patients BPCO stables. Ainsi, dans l’optique d’une approche par phénotypes, l’utilisation de valeurs de références de la SSt, comme établies dans notre seconde étude, semble constituer un biomarqueur adapté mais celles-ci doivent être optimisées afin d’être applicable chez les patients BPCO. Pour conclure, outre l’intérêt pour l’utilisation d’une supplémentation en antioxydants au cours d’un programme de réhabilitation respiratoire, nos résultats contribuent à améliorer les connaissances sur le rôle du stress oxydant dans la physiopathologie de l’atteinte musculaire périphérique des patients BPCO. De plus, une meilleure compréhension et caractérisation de l’hétérogénéité, à la fois du stress oxydant et de l’atteinte musculaire périphérique, ouvrent des perspectives de recherche prometteuses dans l’optique d’une adaptation de la prise en charge des patients BPCO.Pulmonary rehabilitation is considered as a major component in the management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients by inducing benefits on exercise capacity, peripheral function and muscle mass. Elevated oxidative stress at baseline, considered as one of the main factors involved in peripheral muscle impairment, is well accepted despite the discrepancies reported in the literature especially on antioxidant system. The absence of oxidative stress marker improvement following a pulmonary rehabilitation program is a likely limit to the expected muscle adaptations. However, although antioxidant supplementation seems to be an appropriate intervention for reducing oxidative stress and improving peripheral muscle impairment, its effectiveness remains to be proven in COPD patients.Thus, our objectives were to determine and characterize the oxidative stress marker heterogeneity in order to study the effets of a suitable antioxidant supplementation on specific peripheral muscle markers in stable COPD patients.Through a comprehensive analysis integrating the oxidative stress complexity, this work showed that the main antioxidant deficits in stable COPD patients are on the vitamin C/E balance, zinc and selenium. Moreover, our results allowed to determine patient profiles characterized in particular by a women subgroup with an increased rate of lipid peroxides. Based on the main identified deficits and despite the large response heterogeneity, we have shown that antioxidant supplementation may optimize the benefits of a pulmonary rehabilitation program by improving especially muscle fiber strength, cross-sectional area (CSA) and maximal oxygen consumption of stable COPD patients. Thus, from the perspective of a phenotype approach, the use of CSA reference values, as established in our second study, appears to be a suitable biomarker but these should be optimized in order to be relevant in COPD patients.Finally, besides the benefits of using an antioxidant supplementation during pulmonary rehabilitation program, our results contribute to improve our knowledge about the role of oxidative stress in the pathophysiology of peripheral muscle impairment in COPD patients. Furthermore, a better understanding and characterization of heterogeneity of both oxidative stress and peripheral muscle impairment opens up promising research prospects with a view of adjusting the management of COPD patients