The Role of Power and Negotiation in Online Deception

The purpose of this paper is to advance theoretical understanding of the important role of both power and negotiation during online deception. By so doing, the paper provides insight into the relationship between perpetrator and victim in Internet fraud. The growing prevalence of Internet Fraud continues to be a burden to both society and individuals. In an attempt to better understand Internet fraud and online deception, this article attempts to build an interactive model, based upon the dimensions of power and negotiation from the management and psychology literature. Using the model presented, the article examines the effects of the Internet on the communication process that takes place between perpetrator and victim. Finally, the article discusses some of the major tactics employed to appeal to each power type in predominant fraud forms, as well exploring future types of fraud

Cerebral atrophy in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer disease: rates and acceleration.

OBJECTIVE: To quantify the regional and global cerebral atrophy rates and assess acceleration rates in healthy controls, subjects with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and subjects with mild Alzheimer disease (AD). METHODS: Using 0-, 6-, 12-, 18-, 24-, and 36-month MRI scans of controls and subjects with MCI and AD from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) database, we calculated volume change of whole brain, hippocampus, and ventricles between all pairs of scans using the boundary shift integral. RESULTS: We found no evidence of acceleration in whole-brain atrophy rates in any group. There was evidence that hippocampal atrophy rates in MCI subjects accelerate by 0.22%/year2 on average (p = 0.037). There was evidence of acceleration in rates of ventricular enlargement in subjects with MCI (p = 0.001) and AD (p < 0.001), with rates estimated to increase by 0.27 mL/year2 (95% confidence interval 0.12, 0.43) and 0.88 mL/year2 (95% confidence interval 0.47, 1.29), respectively. A post hoc analysis suggested that the acceleration of hippocampal loss in MCI subjects was mainly driven by the MCI subjects that were observed to progress to clinical AD within 3 years of baseline, with this group showing hippocampal atrophy rate acceleration of 0.50%/year2 (p = 0.003). CONCLUSIONS: The small acceleration rates suggest a long period of transition to the pathologic losses seen in clinical AD. The acceleration in hippocampal atrophy rates in MCI subjects in the ADNI seems to be driven by those MCI subjects who concurrently progressed to a clinical diagnosis of AD

College Student Debt and Anticipated Repayment Difficulty

This study analyzes factors associated with anticipated difficulty with repayment of debt accumulated during college using a basic model of credit risk that includes socialization processes influencing college student financial decisions. The empirical analysis uses data from the 2010 Ohio Student Financial Wellness Study. Results provide evidence of male overconfidence in financial decision making, as males are less likely than females to predict repayment difficulties. Socialization process variables, including financial management practices, financial parenting communication, and expected economic returns from education, are strongly associated with anticipated debt repayment difficulty. Inclusion of these process variables in the model results in loss of explanatory power of many of the traditional individual success variables, such as grade point average, and graduation plans

Patient-Reported Satisfaction and Study Drug Discontinuation: Post-Hoc Analysis of Findings from ROCKET AF.

IntroductionPatient-reported outcomes (PROs) and satisfaction endpoints are increasingly important in clinical trials and may be associated with treatment adherence. In this post hoc substudy from ROCKET AF, we examined whether patient-reported satisfaction was associated with study drug discontinuation.MethodsROCKET AF (n = 14,264) compared rivaroxaban with warfarin for prevention of stroke and systemic embolism in patients with atrial fibrillation. We analyzed treatment satisfaction scores: the Anti-Clot Treatment Scale (ACTS) and Treatment Satisfaction Questionnaire for Medication version II (TSQM II). We compared satisfaction with study drug between the two treatment arms, and examined the association between satisfaction and patient-driven study drug discontinuation (stopping study drug due to withdrawal of consent, noncompliance, or loss to follow-up).ResultsA total of 1577 (11%) patients participated in the Patient Satisfaction substudy; 1181 (8.3%) completed both the ACTS and TSQM II 4 weeks after starting study drug. Patients receiving rivaroxaban did not experience significant differences in satisfaction compared with those receiving warfarin. During a median follow-up of 1.6 years, 448 premature study drug discontinuations occurred (213 rivaroxaban group; 235 warfarin group), of which 116 (26%) were patient-driven (52 [24%] rivaroxaban group; 64 [27%] warfarin group). No significant differences were observed between satisfaction level and rates of patient-driven study drug discontinuation.ConclusionsStudy drug satisfaction did not predict rate of study drug discontinuation. No significant difference was observed between satisfaction with warfarin and rivaroxaban, as expected given the double-blind trial design. Although these results are negative, the importance of PRO data will only increase, and these analyses may inform future studies that explore the relationship between drug-satisfaction PROs, adherence, and clinical outcomes. CLINICALTRIALS.GOV: NCT00403767.FundingThe ROCKET AF trial was funded by Johnson &amp; Johnson and Bayer

Iridium‐Catalysed C−H Borylation of Fluoroarenes: Insights into the Balance between Steric and Electronic Control of Regioselectivity

The iridium catalysed C−H borylation of polyfluorinated arenes and heteroarenes occurs rapidly and efficiently. As with other borylation reactions, whilst steric parameters dominate, an underlying electronic influence on reaction selectivity can be observed. Notably borylation regioselectivity in fluorinated (hetero)arenes is determined by purely electronic effects except for ortho-borylation between two fluorine atoms where steric effects of fluorine substituents become apparent. Borylation at the para position with respect to fluorine is disfavoured whereas a strong electronic preference for borylation para to the azinyl nitrogen of pyridine is observed. When these features co-operate high selectivity can be expected. For these reactions, computations based on transition state, rather than intermediate, energies in iridium geometries showed excellent agreement between predicted and observed selectivities

Hematuria is associated with more severe acute tubulointerstitial nephritis

Acute tubulointerstitial nephritis (ATIN) is a common cause of acute kidney injury. Although haematuria is a risk factor for the development of renal disease, no previous study has analyzed the significance of haematuria in ATIN. Retrospective, observational analysis of 110 patients with biopsy-proven ATIN was conducted. Results: Haematuria was present in 66 (60%) ATIN patients. A higher percentage of ATIN patients with haematuria had proteinuria than patients without haematuria (89.4% vs. 59.1%, p = 0.001) with significantly higher levels of proteinuria (median (interquartile range) protein:creatinine ratio 902.70 (513–1492) vs. 341.00 (177–734) mg/g, p <0.001). Moreover, those patients with more haematuria intensity had a higher urinary protein:creatinine ratio (1352.65 (665–2292) vs. 849.60 (562–1155) mg/g, p = 0.02). Those patients with higher proteinuria were more likely to need renal replacement therapy (22.7 vs. 0%, p = 0.03) and to su er relapse (4 vs. 0%, p = 0.03). At the end of follow up, haematuric ATIN patients had higher serum creatinine levels (3.19 2.91 vs. 1.91 1.17 mg/dL, p = 0.007), and a trend towards a higher need for acute dialysis (7 vs. 1%, p = 0.09) and renal replacement therapy (12.1 vs. 2.3%, p = 0.12). Haematuria is common in ATIN and it is associated with worse renal function outcomesSupported by FIS/FEDER PI17/00130 and PI19/00815, Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (RYC-2017-22369 and DTS18/00032), Sociedad Española de Nefrología, Fundacion Renal Iñigo Álvarez de Toledo (FRIAT), ISCIII-RETIC REDinREN RD016/0009 Fondos FEDER, Comunidad de Madrid B2017/BMD-3686CIFRA2-CM, ERA-PerMed-JTC2018 (KIDNEY ATTACK AC18/00064 and PERSTIGAN AC18/00071)

Risk factors for bleeding complications after nephrologist-performed native renal biopsy

Background: Bleeding is a recognized complication of native percutaneous renal biopsy. This study aimed to describe the incidence of major bleeding after biopsy in a single centre over a 15-year period and examine factors associated with major bleeding. Methods: We identified consecutive adult patients undergoing ultrasound-guided native renal biopsy in the Glasgow Renal and Transplant Unit from 2000 to 2014. From the electronic patient record, we collected data pertaining to biopsy indication, pre- and post-biopsy laboratory measurements, prescribed medication and diagnosis. Aspirin was routinely continued. We defined major bleeding post-biopsy as the need for blood transfusion, surgical or radiological intervention or death. Binary logistic regression analysis was used to assess factors associated with increased risk of major bleeding. Results: There were 2563 patients who underwent native renal biopsy (1499 elective, 1064 emergency). The average age of patients was 57 (SD 17) years and 57.4% were male. Overall, the rate of major bleeding was 2.2%. In all, 46 patients required transfusion (1.8%), 9 patients underwent embolization (0.4%), no patient required nephrectomy and 1 patient died as a result of a significant late retroperitoneal bleed. Major bleeding was more common in those undergoing emergency compared with elective renal biopsy (3.4 versus 1.1%; P &lt; 0.001). Aspirin was being taken at the time of biopsy in 327 of 1509 patients, with no significant increase in the risk of major bleeding (P = 0.93). Body mass index (BMI) data were available for 546 patients, with no increased risk of major bleeding in 207 patients classified as obese (BMI &gt;30). Conclusions: The risk of major bleeding following native renal biopsy in the modern era is low. Complications are more common when biopsy is conducted as an emergency, which has implications for obtaining informed consent. Our data support the strategy of not stopping aspirin before renal biopsy

Structural neuroanatomy of tinnitus and hyperacusis in semantic dementia

Introduction Tinnitus and hyperacusis are common symptoms of excessive auditory perception in the general population; however, their anatomical substrates and disease associations continue to be defined. Patients with semantic dementia (SemD) frequently repor