Robotic Assisted Laparoscopic Prostatectomy Performed after Previous Suprapubic Prostatectomy

Operative management of prostate cancer in a patient who has undergone previous open suprapubic simple prostatectomy poses a unique surgical challenge. Herein, we describe a case of intermediate risk prostate cancer in a man who had undergone simple prostatectomy ten years prior to presentation. The patient was found to have Gleason 7 prostate cancer on MRI fusion biopsy of the prostate for elevated PSA and underwent an uncomplicated robot assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy

Цитокіновий профіль у вагітних з хламідійно-вірусною інфекцією

Урогенитальный хламидиоз и вирусная инфекция – это актуальная медико-социальная проблема, поэтому углубленные исследования клинических, иммунологических и эндокринологических аспектов этой проблемы у беременных, разработка и внедрение лечебно-профилактических программ является одним из перспективных резервов снижения репродуктивных потерь, материнской и перинатальной заболеваемости. Вместе с этим, такие исследования составляют значительный научный интерес и большую практическую ценность. При изучении механизмов осложнений беременности большой интерес вызывают исследования функционального состояния клеток ММС (путем определения уровня провоспалительных цитокинов ИЛ - 1β, ФНО -α), а также Т-лимфоцитов (путем определения провоспалительных цитокинов ИЛ -2, ИФН-γ и провоспалительных цитокинов ИЛ -4, ИЛ -10).Urogenital chlamydia and viral infection are actual medical and social problems. That is why the most promising reserves to reduce reproductive losses, maternal and perinatal morbidity are deep study of clinical, immunological, microbiological and endocrinological aspects of this problem among pregnant women, as well as developing and implementing of health care programs. Moreover, such studies have significant scientific interest and great practical value. While studying the mechanisms of pregnancy complications, the most interesting are the study of the functional state of MMS cells (by determining the level of proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β TNF-α), and T-lymphocytes (by determining the level of proinflammatory cytokines IL-2, IFN-γ and anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-4, IL-10)

Fast coarsening in unstable epitaxy with desorption

Homoepitaxial growth is unstable towards the formation of pyramidal mounds when interlayer transport is reduced due to activation barriers to hopping at step edges. Simulations of a lattice model and a continuum equation show that a small amount of desorption dramatically speeds up the coarsening of the mound array, leading to coarsening exponents between 1/3 and 1/2. The underlying mechanism is the faster growth of larger mounds due to their lower evaporation rate.Comment: 4 pages, 4 PostScript figure

Coarsening Dynamics of Crystalline Thin Films

The formation of pyramid-like structures in thin-film growth on substrates with a quadratic symmetry, e.g., {001} surfaces, is shown to exhibit anisotropic scaling as there exist two length scales with different time dependences. Analytical and numerical results indicate that for most realizations coarsening of mounds is described by an exponent n=0.2357. However, depending on material parameters, n may lie between 0 (logarithmic coarsening) and 1/3. In contrast, growth on substrates with triangular symmetries ({111} surfaces) is dominated by a single length scale and an exponent n=1/3.Comment: RevTeX, 4 pages, 3 figure

ManyBabies 3: A multi-lab study of infant algebraic rule learning

The ability to learn and apply rules lies at the heart of cognition. In a seminal study, Marcus, Vijayan, Rao, and Vishton (1999) reported that seven-month-old infants learned abstract rules over syllable sequences and were able to generalize those rules to novel syllable sequences. Dozens of studies have since extended on that research using different rules, modalities, stimuli, participants (human adults and non-human animals) and experimental procedures. Yet questions remain about the robustness of Marcus et al.’s (1999) core findings, as the presence of significant learning effects has been mixed. In the current study, we aimed to address this issue by testing XX infants of a wide age range (5;0-12;0 months) in a multi-laboratory (XX laboratories) replication of the Marcus et al. (1999) study

Giant magnetothermopower of magnon-assisted transport in ferromagnetic tunnel junctions

We present a theoretical description of the thermopower due to magnon-assisted tunneling in a mesoscopic tunnel junction between two ferromagnetic metals. The thermopower is generated in the course of thermal equilibration between two baths of magnons, mediated by electrons. For a junction between two ferromagnets with antiparallel polarizations, the ability of magnon-assisted tunneling to create thermopower $S_{AP}$ depends on the difference between the size $\Pi_{\uparrow, \downarrow}$ of the majority and minority band Fermi surfaces and it is proportional to a temperature dependent factor $(k_{B}T/\omega_{D})^{3/2}$ where $\omega_{D}$ is the magnon Debye energy. The latter factor reflects the fractional change in the net magnetization of the reservoirs due to thermal magnons at temperature $T$ (Bloch's $T^{3/2}$ law). In contrast, the contribution of magnon-assisted tunneling to the thermopower $S_P$ of a junction with parallel polarizations is negligible. As the relative polarizations of ferromagnetic layers can be manipulated by an external magnetic field, a large difference $\Delta S = S_{AP} - S_P \approx S_{AP} \sim - (k_B/e) f (\Pi_{\uparrow},\Pi_{\downarrow}) (k_BT/\omega_{D})^{3/2}$ results in a magnetothermopower effect. This magnetothermopower effect becomes giant in the extreme case of a junction between two half-metallic ferromagnets, $\Delta S \sim - k_B/e$.Comment: 9 pages, 4 eps figure

The Impact of Nocturia on Mortality: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Purpose: Nocturia (waking from sleep at night to void) is a common cause of sleep disruption associated with increased comorbidity and impaired quality of life. However, its impact on mortality remains unclear. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the association of nocturia with mortality as a prognostic factor and a causal risk factor. Materials and Methods: We searched PubMed (R), Scopus (R), CINAHL (R) (Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature) and major conference abstracts up to December 31, 2018. Random effects meta-analyses were done to address the adjusted RR of mortality in people with nocturia. Metaregression was performed to explore potential determinants of heterogeneity, including the risk of bias. We applied the GRADE (Grades of Recommendation, Assessment, Development and Evaluation) framework to rate the quality of evidence for nocturia as a prognostic risk factor for mortality and separately as a cause of mortality. Results: Of the 5,230 identified reports 11 observational studies proved eligible for inclusion. To assess nocturia 10 studies used symptom questionnaires and 1 used frequency-volume charts. Nocturia was defined as 2 or more episodes per night in 6 studies (55%) and as 3 or more episodes per night in 5 (45%). Pooled estimates demonstrated a RR of 1.27 (95% CI 1.16-1.40, I-2=48%) with an absolute 1.6% and 4.0% 5-year mortality difference in individuals 60 and 75 years old, respectively. The pooled estimates of relative risk did not differ significantly across varying age, gender, followup, nocturia case definition, risk of bias or study region. We rated the quality of evidence for nocturia as a prognostic factor as moderate and as a cause of mortality as very low. Conclusions: Nocturia is probably associated with an approximately 1.3-fold increased risk of death.Peer reviewe

Spin-polarized current amplification and spin injection in magnetic bipolar transistors

The magnetic bipolar transistor (MBT) is a bipolar junction transistor with an equilibrium and nonequilibrium spin (magnetization) in the emitter, base, or collector. The low-injection theory of spin-polarized transport through MBTs and of a more general case of an array of magnetic {\it p-n} junctions is developed and illustrated on several important cases. Two main physical phenomena are discussed: electrical spin injection and spin control of current amplification (magnetoamplification). It is shown that a source spin can be injected from the emitter to the collector. If the base of an MBT has an equilibrium magnetization, the spin can be injected from the base to the collector by intrinsic spin injection. The resulting spin accumulation in the collector is proportional to $\exp(qV_{be}/k_BT)$, where $q$ is the proton charge, $V_{be}$ is the bias in the emitter-base junction, and $k_B T$ is the thermal energy. To control the electrical current through MBTs both the equilibrium and the nonequilibrium spin can be employed. The equilibrium spin controls the magnitude of the equilibrium electron and hole densities, thereby controlling the currents. Increasing the equilibrium spin polarization of the base (emitter) increases (decreases) the current amplification. If there is a nonequilibrium spin in the emitter, and the base or the emitter has an equilibrium spin, a spin-valve effect can lead to a giant magnetoamplification effect, where the current amplifications for the parallel and antiparallel orientations of the the equilibrium and nonequilibrium spins differ significantly. The theory is elucidated using qualitative analyses and is illustrated on an MBT example with generic materials parameters.Comment: 14 PRB-style pages, 10 figure

Theory of anyon excitons: Relation to excitons of nu=1/3 and nu=2/3 incompressible liquids

Elementary excitations of incompressible quantum liquids (IQL's) are anyons, i.e., quasiparticles carrying fractional charges and obeying fractional statistics. To find out how the properties of these quasiparticles manifest themselves in the optical spectra, we have developed the anyon exciton model (AEM) and compared the results with the finite-size data for excitons of nu=1/3 and nu=2/3 IQL's. The model considers an exciton as a neutral composite consisting of three quasielectrons and a single hole. The AEM works well when the separation between electron and hole confinement planes, h, is larger than the magnetic length l. In the framework of the AEM an exciton possesses momentum k and two internal quantum numbers, one of which can be chosen as the angular momentum, L, of the k=0 state. Existence of the internal degrees of freedom results in the multiple branch energy spectrum, crater-like electron density shape and 120 degrees density correlations for k=0 excitons, and the splitting of the electron shell into bunches for non-zero k excitons. For h larger than 2l the bottom states obey the superselection rule L=3m (m are integers starting from 2), all of them are hard core states. For h nearly 2l there is one-to-one correspondence between the low-energy spectra found for the AEM and the many- electron exciton spectra of the nu=2/3 IQL, whereas some states are absent from the many-electron spectra of the nu=1/3 IQL. We argue that this striking difference in the spectra originates from the different populational statistics of the quasielectrons of charge conjugate IQL's and show that the proper account of the statistical requirements eliminates excessive states from the spectrum. Apparently, this phenomenon is the first manifestation of the exclusion statistics in the anyon bound states.Comment: 26 pages with 9 figures, typos correcte

Sliding motion of a two-dimensional Wigner crystal in a strong magnetic field

We study the sliding state of a two-dimensional Wigner crystal in a strong magnetic field and a random impurity potential. Using a high-velocity perturbation theory, we compute the nonlinear conductivity, various correlation functions, and the interference effects arising in combined AC + DC electric effects, including the Shapiro anomaly and the linear response to an AC field. Disorder is found to induce mainly transverse distortions in the sliding state of the lattice. The Hall resistivity retains its classical value. We find that, within the large velocity perturbation theory, free carriers which affect the longitudinal phonon modes of the Wigner crystal do not change the form of the nonlinear conductivity. We compare the present sliding Wigner crystal in a strong magnetic field to the conventional sliding charge-density wave systems. Our result for the nonlinear conductivity agrees well with the $I-V$ characteristics measured in some experiments at low temperatures or large depinning fields, for the insulating phases near filling factor $\nu$ = 1/5. We summarize the available experimental data, and point out the differences among them.Comment: appeared in RPB vol. 50, 4600 (1994); LaTex file; 3 figures available from [email protected]