Unification of the elementary school districts in the Lodi Union High School District

It is the purpose of this study: (1) To provide a description of the seventeen school districts within the boundaries of the Lodi Union High School District in the matters of: (A) Financial status: (i) Assessed valuation per district, (ii) Assessed valuation per A.D.A., (iii) Expenditure costs per A.D.A., (iv) Present tax rate, (v) Bonded indebtedness; (B) Enrollment: (i) Past, present, and projected, (ii) Multiple graded classrooms; (C) Educational services; (D) Schoolhousing and facilities in present use; (E) Ecological factors (2) To examine these facts and conditions in view of the criteria of an adequate unified school district organization in regard to: (A) Financial structure; (B) Size of proposed district; (C) Educational services; (D) Ecological factors (3) Finally, to ascertain if unification of the seventeen elementary school districts will fulfill the objectives as adopted by the State Board of Education, which are as follows: (A) To produce a more effectively coordinated program of education for all levels of the State’s public school system through strong local school district organization, with single administrative control over all levels of public education in a given area.; (B) To provide a more efficient use of public funds, brought about by the creation of school districts capable of furnishing necessary educational services at a reasonable unit cost.; (C) To provide a better and more equalized educational opportunity for all children in the State through the creation of school districts sufficient in size to be able to provide curricular offerings and other services not possible under existing organization.; (D) To effect as great a degree of equalization of financial resources on the local level as circumstances will permit

Energy Consumption in Large Wastewater Treatment Plants as a Function of Wastewater Strength

Wastewater treatment (WWT) is an energy-intensive process. Strict standards for discharge often require energy intensive advanced treatment technologies. As a result, the number of plants using advanced treatment has increased (Figure 1). Rising energy costs and concerns about greenhouse gas generation present a major incentive for tracking energy usage of WWT. Energy usage in plant, for instance, typically represents 18 to 30% of the operational budget. Water efficient fixtures are also increasing loadings of organic matter to plants while lowering or maintaining overall liquid flow. The increased loadings have a significant impact on energy consumption. Previous work has focused primarily on aeration consumption for activated sludge rather than a plant as whole. There are very few studies that show energy requirements on a plant-wide scale with the Water Environment Federation (WEF) being one major source. This research presents a general methodology for tracking energy usage in a plant with regards to wastewater strength. It is anticipated that this research will provide a tool for designers and owners who wish to predict their energy impact before construction of a new plant or before implementing a new process on an existing plant

Higher expression of Th1/Th2‐related cytokines in the intestine of Wistar rats with ligature‐induced periodontitis

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the impact of ligature-induced periodontitis (LIP) on histopathological and immunological outcomes in the colon of Wistar rats. Background: It has been repeatedly shown that inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients are at higher risk of developing periodontitis and presenting worse oral health than non-IBD patients. However, whether the chronic inflammatory process around teeth contributes to the pathophysiology of IBD needs to be further explored. Materials and Methods: Thirteen Wistar rats were allocated into LIP (n = 7) and controls (n = 6). Half of the colon was processed for histopathological analyses and immunohistochemical (CD45); the other half was homogenized for immunological analyses. Periodontal destruction was confirmed by measuring the distance from the cementum-enamel junction to the mandible's apical position of the mesial interproximal bone. The immunological analyses were performed with the Bio-Plex Th1/Th2 assay. Results: There was a significantly higher interproximal bone loss in LIP compared to controls. The LIP group showed a moderate infiltrate of inflammatory cells, predominantly mononucleated cells in the intestinal tissues. There was significantly higher expression of GM-CSF, IFN-γ, IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, IL-12 (p70), IL-13, and TNF-α in the intestinal tissues of LIP group compared to controls. Conclusion: Ligature-induced periodontitis was associated with an overexpression of Th1/Th2-related cytokines in the colon of Wistar rats

Traditions of research into interruptions in healthcare: A conceptual review

Background Researchers from diverse theoretical backgrounds have studied workplace interruptions in healthcare, leading to a complex and conflicting body of literature. Understanding pre-existing viewpoints may advance the field more effectively than attempts to remove bias from investigations. Objective To identify research traditions that have motivated and guided interruptions research, and to note research questions posed, gaps in approach, and possible avenues for future research. Methods A critical review was conducted of research on interruptions in healthcare. Two researchers identified core research communities based on the community’s motivations, philosophical outlook, and methods. Among the characteristics used to categorise papers into research communities were the predominant motivation for studying interruptions, the research questions posed, and key contributions to the body of knowledge on interruptions in healthcare. In cases where a paper approached an equal number of characteristics from two traditions, it was placed in a blended research community. Results A total of 141 papers were identified and categorised; all papers identified were published from 1994 onwards. Four principal research communities emerged: epidemiology, quality improvement, cognitive systems engineering (CSE), and applied cognitive psychology. Blends and areas of mutual influence between the research communities were identified that combine the benefits of individual traditions, but there was a notable lack of blends incorporating quality improvement initiatives. The question most commonly posed by researchers across multiple communities was: what is the impact of interruptions? Impact was measured as a function of task time or risk in the epidemiology tradition, situation awareness in the CSE tradition, or resumption lag (time to resume an interrupted task) in the applied cognitive psychology tradition. No single question about interruptions in healthcare was shared by all four of the core communities. Conclusions Much research on workplace interruptions in healthcare can be described in terms of fundamental values of four distinct research traditions and the communities that bring the values and methods: of those research traditions to their investigations. Blends between communities indicate that mutual influence has occurred as interruptions research has progressed. It is clear from this review that there is no single or privileged perspective to study interruptions. Instead, these findings suggest that researchers investigating interruptions in healthcare would benefit from being more aware of different perspectives from their own, especially when they consider workplace interventions to reduce interruptions

Unification of the elementary school districts in the Lodi Union High School District

It is the purpose of this study: (1) To provide a description of the seventeen school districts within the boundaries of the Lodi Union High School District in the matters of: (A) Financial status: (i) Assessed valuation per district, (ii) Assessed valuation per A.D.A., (iii) Expenditure costs per A.D.A., (iv) Present tax rate, (v) Bonded indebtedness; (B) Enrollment: (i) Past, present, and projected, (ii) Multiple graded classrooms; (C) Educational services; (D) Schoolhousing and facilities in present use; (E) Ecological factors (2) To examine these facts and conditions in view of the criteria of an adequate unified school district organization in regard to: (A) Financial structure; (B) Size of proposed district; (C) Educational services; (D) Ecological factors (3) Finally, to ascertain if unification of the seventeen elementary school districts will fulfill the objectives as adopted by the State Board of Education, which are as follows: (A) To produce a more effectively coordinated program of education for all levels of the State’s public school system through strong local school district organization, with single administrative control over all levels of public education in a given area.; (B) To provide a more efficient use of public funds, brought about by the creation of school districts capable of furnishing necessary educational services at a reasonable unit cost.; (C) To provide a better and more equalized educational opportunity for all children in the State through the creation of school districts sufficient in size to be able to provide curricular offerings and other services not possible under existing organization.; (D) To effect as great a degree of equalization of financial resources on the local level as circumstances will permit

Failure to Confirm a Vascular Cause of Muscular Dystrophy

The vascular hypothesis of the cause of muscular dystrophy suggests that ischemia is responsible for the muscle fiber necrosis. A xenon 133 clearance study of muscle blood flow in Duchenne and other muscular dystrophies showed no obvious difference between the response to exercise and arterial occlusion compared with control subjects. Radioautographic study of distribution of 4-125l-antipyrine in skeletal muscle of mice with muscular dystrophy showed no abnormal areas of ischemia.A statistical examination was also made of the grouping of damaged fibers, one of the observations on which the vascular hypothesis was based. Only 0.9% of fibers undergoing phagocytosis occurred in groups of four or more fibers in greater frequency than would have been expected by chance, and 70% of such fibers were isolated. These studies argue strongly against the vascular hypothesis of the cause of muscular dystrophy

Colitis induced by dextran sulphate sodium causes histopathological and immunological changes in the periodontal tissues of Wistar rats

Objective: This study investigated the impact of colitis induced by dextran sulphate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis (DIC) on histopathological and immunological outcomes in the periodontal tissues of Wistar rats. Background: Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) and periodontitis have been reported to present a bidirectional relationship. However, the inflammatory pathway that connects both diseases needs further investigation. Material and methods: Twenty-five male Wistar rats were allocated in four groups: unilateral ligature-induced periodontitis for 14 days: LIP (n = 7); dextran sulphate sodium-induced colitis only: DIC (n = 6); DIC + LIP (n = 6) and controls (n = 6). Digital images were obtained from the histological sections. In order to assess the attachment loss (AL), the linear distance between the cementoenamel junction (CEJ) and the alveolar bone crest was measured on the mesial root using histological photomicrography's ImageJ software. Immunological analyses of gingival tissues and plasma were performed by Bio-Plex Th1/Th2 Assay. Results: The DIC group showed inflammatory cells extending to the periodontal connective tissues, which contained significantly elevated expressions of IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, IL-12, IL-13, GM-CSF, IFN-γ and TNF-α compared to controls. There was no significant difference in bone loss between controls and DIC. There were no significant histopathological differences between DIC + LIP and LIP. However, DIC + LIP presented a significantly lower IL-2 and IL-5 than the LIP group. There was no bone loss difference between LIP+DIC and LIP groups. DIC + LIP group presented significantly higher levels of GM-CSF in plasma. Conclusion: DSS-induced colitis was associated with an overexpression of Th1/Th2- related cytokines in the gingival tissue