APPLICATION OF A BIO-ECONOMIC-ENGINEERING MODEL FOR SHRIMP MARICULTURE SYSTEMS

Resource /Energy Economics and Policy,

BIOECONOMIC MODELING OF THE GULF SHRIMP FISHERY: AN APPLICATION TO GALVESTON BAY AND ADJACENT OFFSHORE AREAS

Resource /Energy Economics and Policy,

Intravitreal Aflibercept Outcomes in Patients with Persistent Macular Exudate Previously Treated with Bevacizumab and/or Ranibizumab for Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration

Purpose. To assess whether intravitreal aflibercept (2.0mg) can effectively reduce persistent macular exudate and enhance visual acuity in ranibizumab (0.5mg) and/or bevacizumab (1.25 mg) treatment resistant patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Methods. This retrospective study included 47 treatment resistant eyes from 47 patients switched to intravitreal aflibercept injections after receiving a minimum of 3 injections with either ranibizumab or bevacizumab. Snellen visual acuity and optical coherence tomography were assessed just prior to the first injection (baseline) and prior to the fourth injection (final). Additionally, anatomical regions of persistent macular exudate were tracked to determine if these areas yielded varying responses to aflibercept. Results. At baseline, patients had received an average of 11.3 injections with any prior anti-VEGF drug (SD 5.96). For whole group analysis, baseline and final central retinal thickness were 370.57 mu m and 295.7 mu m (P \u3c =.001), respectively. Baseline and final retinal fluid volumes were 4.81 mm(3) and 4.37 mm(3) (P \u3c =.001), respectively. Baseline and final logMAR were 0.56 and 0.53 (P = 0.301), respectively. Anatomic location of persistent exudate did not appreciably alter treatment outcome. Conclusion. Central retinal thickness and total retinal fluid volume were reduced in ranibizumab and/or bevacizumab treatment resistant patients following three aflibercept injections. No appreciable change in visual acuity was noted

Panel Discussion: Foreign Governmental Control of Multinational Corporations Marketing in the United States

This panel discussion focuses on debating the regulation of companies operating in more than one country. The primary emphasis is placed on oil companies

New Perspectives on the Charging Mechanisms of Supercapacitors.

Supercapacitors (or electric double-layer capacitors) are high-power energy storage devices that store charge at the interface between porous carbon electrodes and an electrolyte solution. These devices are already employed in heavy electric vehicles and electronic devices, and can complement batteries in a more sustainable future. Their widespread application could be facilitated by the development of devices that can store more energy, without compromising their fast charging and discharging times. In situ characterization methods and computational modeling techniques have recently been developed to study the molecular mechanisms of charge storage, with the hope that better devices can be rationally designed. In this Perspective, we bring together recent findings from a range of experimental and computational studies to give a detailed picture of the charging mechanisms of supercapacitors. Nuclear magnetic resonance experiments and molecular dynamics simulations have revealed that the electrode pores contain a considerable number of ions in the absence of an applied charging potential. Experiments and computer simulations have shown that different charging mechanisms can then operate when a potential is applied, going beyond the traditional view of charging by counter-ion adsorption. It is shown that charging almost always involves ion exchange (swapping of co-ions for counter-ions), and rarely occurs by counter-ion adsorption alone. We introduce a charging mechanism parameter that quantifies the mechanism and allows comparisons between different systems. The mechanism is found to depend strongly on the polarization of the electrode, and the choice of the electrolyte and electrode materials. In light of these advances we identify new directions for supercapacitor research. Further experimental and computational work is needed to explain the factors that control supercapacitor charging mechanisms, and to establish the links between mechanisms and performance. Increased understanding and control of charging mechanisms should lead to new strategies for developing next-generation supercapacitors with improved performances.The authors acknowledge the Sims Scholarship Cambridge (A.C.F.), the School of the Physical Sciences of the University of Cambridge (via an Oppenheimer Research Fellowship, C.M.), EPSRC (via the Supergen consortium, A.C.F. and J.M.G.), and the EU ERC (via an Advanced Fellowship to C.P.G.) for funding. We thank Nicole Trease, Andrew Ilott, Phoebe Allan, Elizabeth Humphreys, Paul Bayley, Hao Wang, Patrice Simon, Wan-Yu Tsai, Yury Gogotsi, Mathieu Salanne, Benjamin Rotenberg, Alexei Kornyshev, Svyatoslav Kondrat and Volker Presser for collaboration, and stimulating discussions and insights into supercapacitors over the course of our research on this subject.This is the final version of the article. It first appeared from the American Chemical Society via https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.6b0211

Recent Decisions

Comments on recent decisions by Robert P. Gorman, Edward J. Griffin, John E. Roberts, Ralph R. Blume, Raymond P. Knoll, Manuel A. Sequeira, Jr., James E. Sullivan, Edward S. Mraz, Paul M. Kraus, J. Robert Geiman, John F. Chmiel, and Jack Economou

Characterization of the dynamics in the protonic conductor CsH₂PO₄ by ¹⁷O solid-state NMR spectroscopy and first-principles calculations: correlating phosphate and protonic motion.

(17)O NMR spectroscopy combined with first-principles calculations was employed to understand the local structure and dynamics of the phosphate ions and protons in the paraelectric phase of the proton conductor CsH2PO4. For the room-temperature structure, the results confirm that one proton (H1) is localized in an asymmetric H-bond (between O1 donor and O2 acceptor oxygen atoms), whereas the H2 proton undergoes rapid exchange between two sites in a hydrogen bond with a symmetric double potential well at a rate ≥10(7) Hz. Variable-temperature (17)O NMR spectra recorded from 22 to 214 °C were interpreted by considering different models for the rotation of the phosphate anions. At least two distinct rate constants for rotations about four pseudo C3 axes of the phosphate ion were required in order to achieve good agreement with the experimental data. An activation energy of 0.21 ± 0.06 eV was observed for rotation about the P-O1 axis, with a higher activation energy of 0.50 ± 0.07 eV being obtained for rotation about the P-O2, P-O3(d), and P-O3(a) axes, with the superscripts denoting, respectively, dynamic donor and acceptor oxygen atoms of the H-bond. The higher activation energy of the second process is most likely associated with the cost of breaking an O1-H1 bond. The activation energy of this process is slightly lower than that obtained from the (1)H exchange process (0.70 ± 0.07 eV) (Kim, G.; Blanc, F.; Hu, Y.-Y.; Grey, C. P. J. Phys. Chem. C 2013, 117, 6504-6515) associated with the translational motion of the protons. The relationship between proton jumps and phosphate rotation was analyzed in detail by considering uncorrelated motion, motion of individual PO4 ions and the four connected/H-bonded protons, and concerted motions of adjacent phosphate units, mediated by proton hops. We conclude that, while phosphate rotations aid proton motion, not all phosphate rotations result in proton jumps.C.P.G. and G.K. thank the European Research Council for an Advanced Fellowship. F.B. thanks the EU Marie Curie actions FP7 for an International Incoming fellowship (grant no 275212) for financial support. J.M.G. also thanks the European Research Council for funding. G.K. thanks Dr. Song-Yul Oh (Toyota Central R&D Labs. Inc., Japan) for valuable discussion about the synthesis of 17O-enriched CDP. This work made use of the facilities of HECToR, the UK's national high-performance computing service, which is provided by UoE HPCx Ltd at the University of Edinburgh, Cray Inc and NAG Ltd, and funded by the Office of Science and Technology through EPSRC's High End Computing Programme. The UK 850 MHz solid-state NMR Facility used in this research was funded by EPSRC and BBSRC, as well as the University of Warwick including via part funding through Birmingham Science City Advanced Materials Projects 1 and 2 supported by Advantage West Midlands (AWM) and the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF).This is the final version of the article. It first appeared from ACS via http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jacs.5b0028

Space Applications of Mass Spectrometry

Mass spectrometers have been involved in essentially all aspects of space exploration. This chapter outlines some of these many uses. Mass spectrometers have not only helped to expand our knowledge and understanding of the world and solar system around us, they have helped to put man safely in space and expand our frontier. Mass spectrometry continues to prove to be a very reliable, robust, and flexible analytical instrument, ensuring that its use will continue to help aid our investigation of the universe and this small planet that we call home

Warming seas increase cold-stunning events for Kemp’s ridley sea turtles in the northwest Atlantic

Since the 1970s, the magnitude of turtle cold-stun strandings have increased dramatically within the northwestern Atlantic. Here, we examine oceanic, atmospheric, and biological factors that may affect the increasing trend of cold-stunned Kemp’s ridleys in Cape Cod Bay, Massachusetts, United States of America. Using machine learning and Bayesian inference modeling techniques, we demonstrate higher cold-stunning years occur when the Gulf of Maine has warmer sea surface temperatures in late October through early November. Surprisingly, hatchling numbers in Mexico, a proxy for population abundance, was not identified as an important factor. Further, using our Bayesian count model and forecasted sea surface temperature projections, we predict more than 2,300 Kemp’s ridley turtles may cold-stun annually by 2031 as sea surface temperatures continue to increase within the Gulf of Maine. We suggest warmer sea surface temperatures may have modified the northerly distribution of Kemp’s ridleys and act as an ecological bridge between the Gulf Stream and nearshore waters. While cold-stunning may currently account for a minor proportion of juvenile mortality, we recommend continuing efforts to rehabilitate cold-stunned individuals to maintain population resiliency for this critically endangered species in the face of a changing climate and continuing anthropogenic threats

Ring current effects: Factors affecting the NMR chemical shift of molecules adsorbed on porous carbons

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is increasingly being used to study the adsorption of molecules in porous carbons, a process which underpins applications ranging from electrochemical energy storage to water purification. Here we present density functional theory (DFT) calculations of the nucleus-independent chemical shift (NICS) near various sp2-hybridized carbon fragments to explore the structural factors that may affect the resonance frequencies observed for adsorbed species. The domain size of the delocalized electron system affects the calculated NICSs, with larger domains giving rise to larger chemical shieldings. In slit pores, overlap of the ring current effects from the pore walls is shown to increase the chemical shielding. Finally, curvature in the carbon sheets is shown to have a significant effect on the NICS. The trends observed are consistent with existing NMR results as well as new spectra presented for an electrolyte adsorbed on carbide-derived carbons prepared at different temperatures