While Equity Slumbered: Creditor Advantage, A Capitalist Land Market, and Upper Canada\u27s Missing Court

Until 1837, Upper Canada had no Court of Chancery. This omission forced stop-gap measures which in the area of mortgages produced a muddle. The confusion introduced into the land market led to protracted controversies among politicians and jurists during the 1820s and 1830s. The many complex principles and motives raised by the lack of an equitable jurisdiction generated much legislative controversy and experimentation. John Beverley Robinson often was central to vital discussions where he revealed both his intelligence and social biases favouring gentlemen of capital. Extremely complicated issues have deflected attention from the central issue: whether the colony needed equity, whether it needed to follow English law. The episodes show that Upper Canadians of many political outlooks were not at all convinced that their society should embrace English law. Moreover, the neglect of equity and opposition to it should not be treated just as a demonstration of frontier circumstances. Social attitudes, personal motives, political circumstances, and disputes about colonial independence from English models and Crown influence greatly affected the law. The law as abstraction and the law as social product clashed quite early in the life of this society

Black Man, White Justice: The Extradition of Matthew Bullock, an African-American Residing in Ontario, 1922

Canadian extradition law uncomfortably combines common law precepts with compromises deemed necessary for carrying out treaty obligations. In this context, for example, the substitution of affidavits for parol evidence has been an area where international courtesy has clashed with a valued means of testing an allegation, namely the cross-examination of witnesses. To reject an application for extradition because only documentary evidence is provided can amount to a censure of judicial proceedings in the state making the request; rejection may suggest that a fair trial cannot be secured. In 1922, in a sensational but hitherto uncited case, an Ontario extradition judge denied the petition of North Carolina for the return of a black suspect on the grounds that the court needed to examine at least one witness. The lynching of the suspect\u27s brother, racism in the southern justice system, and the rantings of North Carolina\u27s governor undermined the credibility of affidavits produced by the state. In addition to highlighting issues in extradition law, the Matthew Bullock case reveals behind the scenes activity by interest groups, governments, and lawyers

Black Man, White Justice: The Extradition of Matthew Bullock, an African-American Residing in Ontario, 1922

Canadian extradition law uncomfortably combines common law precepts with compromises deemed necessary for carrying out treaty obligations. In this context, for example, the substitution of affidavits for parol evidence has been an area where international courtesy has clashed with a valued means of testing an allegation, namely the cross-examination of witnesses. To reject an application for extradition because only documentary evidence is provided can amount to a censure of judicial proceedings in the state making the request; rejection may suggest that a fair trial cannot be secured. In 1922, in a sensational but hitherto uncited case, an Ontario extradition judge denied the petition of North Carolina for the return of a black suspect on the grounds that the court needed to examine at least one witness. The lynching of the suspect\u27s brother, racism in the southern justice system, and the rantings of North Carolina\u27s governor undermined the credibility of affidavits produced by the state. In addition to highlighting issues in extradition law, the Matthew Bullock case reveals behind the scenes activity by interest groups, governments, and lawyers

The multidriver: A reliable multicast service using the Xpress Transfer Protocol

A reliable multicast facility extends traditional point-to-point virtual circuit reliability to one-to-many communication. Such services can provide more efficient use of network resources, a powerful distributed name binding capability, and reduced latency in multidestination message delivery. These benefits will be especially valuable in real-time environments where reliable multicast can enable new applications and increase the availability and the reliability of data and services. We present a unique multicast service that exploits features in the next-generation, real-time transfer layer protocol, the Xpress Transfer Protocol (XTP). In its reliable mode, the service offers error, flow, and rate-controlled multidestination delivery of arbitrary-sized messages, with provision for the coordination of reliable reverse channels. Performance measurements on a single-segment Proteon ProNET-4 4 Mbps 802.5 token ring with heterogeneous nodes are discussed

Evolution of Feeding and Case-Making Behavior in Trichoptera

A phylogeny of the families of Trichoptera is reviewed to provide a basis for understanding the probable evolution of feeding tactics and case or retreat constructions by larvae. At lease 48 hierarchically inclusive homologues are known, mostly from larval, pupal, and adult morphology. Their resulting phylogeny indicates that Rhyacophilidae, Hydrobiosidae, Glossosomatidae, and Hydroptilidae are more closely related to Philopotamidae, Hydropsychidae, and their allies than to Limnephilidae, Leptoceridae, and their allies. This phylogeny implies that the ancestral caddisfly larva was probably a tube-dwelling detritivore, inhabiting humus and detrial mats near the shores of lentic or lotic-depositional habitats. This ancestor evolved into a tube-casemaking detritivore and scraper in the ancestor of Integripalpia and into a retreat-making collector-gatherer in the ancestor of Annulipalpia. All other larval feeding and case-making tactics evolved from these ancestral habits

Molecule Microscopy

Contains research summary and reports on six research projects.National Institutes of Health (Grant 5 P01 HL14322-05)National Institutes of Health (Grant 5 S05 RR07047-11

Stem-Cell-like Qualities of Immune Memory; CD4+ T Cells Join the Party

Similar to hematopoietic stem cells, memory lymphocytes self-renew, while their clonally expanded effector progeny differentiate to fight infection and tumors. Recently, Muranski et al. (2011) report in Immunity that a subset of Th17 effector cells function as memory cells and retain stem cell properties