The rise and decline of the operational level of war in Norway

Once the hub of Norwegian defence planning, the Norwegian operational level plays a less significant role today. The operational level is the link between the strategic and tactical levels, adapting political and strategic ends to feasible plans and operations. This study looks at various questions regarding the development of the operational level. How were the key institutions built up? And which events made them less significant? Traditionally, these questions have been addressed mainly by using technological or political science approaches. By adding social theory to the perspectives the author also highlights the importance of civil-military relations and popular political support as a base of legitimacy for building and maintaining military institutions. Although the study looks at a development specific to Norway, it also describes an international trend experienced by a number of military organisations

Prolonged and persistent diarrhoea is not restricted to children with acute malnutrition:An observational study in Ethiopia

Under embargo until: 2020-07-20Objectives: To assess the prevalence of prolonged and persistent diarrhoea, to estimate their co‐occurrence with acute malnutrition and association with demographic and clinical factors. Methods: Case–control study where cases were children under 5 years of age with diarrhoea and controls were children without diarrhoea, frequency‐matched weekly by age and district of residency. Controls for cases 0–11 months were recruited from vaccination rooms, and controls for cases 12–59 months were recruited by house visits using random locations in the catchment area of the study sites. Data were analysed by mixed model logistic regression. Results: We enrolled 1134 cases and 946 controls. Among the cases, 967 (85%) had acute diarrhoea (AD), 129 (11%) had ProD and 36 (3.2%) had PD. More cases had acute malnutrition at enrolment (17% vs. 4%, P < 0.0001) and more were born prematurely (5.7% vs. 1.8%, P < 0.0001) than controls. About 75% of ProPD cases did not have acute malnutrition. Cases with AD and ProPD had different symptomatology, even beyond illness duration. Conclusions: ProPD is common among children presenting with diarrhoea and is not confined to children with acute malnutrition. There is an urgent need for studies assessing causes of ProPD with and without acute malnutrition to develop treatment guidelines for these conditions.acceptedVersio

A comparison of risk factors for cryptosporidiosis and non-cryptosporidiosis diarrhoea: A case-case-control study in Ethiopian children

publishedVersio

Geographic variation in gene flow from a genetically distinct migratory ecotype drives population genetic structure of coastal Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.)

Identifying how physical and biotic factors shape genetic connectivity among populations in time and space is essential to our understanding of the evolutionary trajectory as well as the management of marine species. Atlantic cod is a widespread and commercially important marine species displaying several ecotypes with different life history strategies. Using three sets of SNPs: neutral, informative, and genome-inversion linked, we studied population genetic structure of ~2500 coastal Atlantic cod (CC) from 40 locations along Norway's 2500 km coastline, including nine fjords. We observed: (1) a genetic cline, suggesting a mechanism of isolation by distance, characterized by a declining FST between CC and North East Arctic Cod (NEAC—genetically distinct migratory ecotype) with increasing latitude, (2) that in the north, samples of CC from outer-fjord areas were genetically more similar to NEAC than were samples of CC from their corresponding inner-fjord areas, (3) greater population genetic differentiation among CC sampled from outer-fjord areas along the coast, than among CC sampled from their corresponding inner-fjord areas, (4) genetic differentiation among samples of CC from both within and among fjords. Collectively, these results permit us to draw two main conclusions. First, that differences in the relative presence of the genetically highly distinct, migratory ecotype NEAC, declining from north to south and from outer to inner fjord, plays the major role in driving population genetic structure of the Norwegian CC. Second, that there is limited connectivity between CC from different fjords. These results suggest that the current management units implemented for this species in Norway should be divided into smaller entities. Furthermore, the situation where introgression from one ecotype drives population genetic structure of another, as is the case here, may exist in other species and geographical regions, thus creating additional challenges for sustainable fisheries management.publishedVersio

Isolation and characterization of nuclear microsatellite loci in the northern shrimp, Pandalus borealis

Published version of an article published in the journal: Conservation Genetics Resources. Also available from the publisher at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12686-011-9486-4We developed and characterized 20 microsatellite primer loci for the northern shrimp Pandalus borealis. All 20 loci were polymorphic with number of alleles ranging from 3 to 36 and with observed heterozygosity between 0.04 and 0.93. In addition, we tested the utility of these markers in three related shrimp species, P. montagui, Atlantopandalus propinqvus and Dichelopandalus bonnieri. These new markers will prove useful in the identification of stock structure and hence, assessment of the commercially important species P. borealis

Vil økte kognitive ferdigheter påvirke institusjonell tillit?

Institusjonell tillit er viktig for et lands økonomiske tilstand. I oppgaven undersøker vi hvordan humankapital påvirker institusjonell tillit og om en eventuell effekt påvirkes av visse landkarakteristika. I litteraturen brukes ofte formell utdanning som mål på humankapital. Bruken av formell utdanning kan føre til noen utfordringer, og vi benytter derfor kognitive ferdigheter som mål på humankapital. Datamaterialet er basert på PIAAC-undersøkelsen, som har som mål å kartlegge den voksene befolknings kognitive ferdigheter. Analysene gjennomføres ved hjelp av minste kvadraters metode, instrumentvariabelmetoden og en ordered probit modell. Ved hjelp av minste kvadraters metode finner vi at en standardavviks økning i kognitive ferdigheter øker institusjonell tillit med 0.145 enheter, på en skala som går fra 1 til 5. Dette resultatet er signifikant til alle nivåer. Resultatet underbygges av analyser gjort ved hjelp av instrumentvariabelmetoden og en ordered probit-modell. Dermed kan vi si at kognitive ferdigheter har en positiv effekt på institusjonell tillit. Effekten varierer imidlertid noe med visse landkarakteristika. Korrupsjon og om et land tidligere har hatt kommuniststyre påvirker effekten negativt, mens om et land er monarki påvirker effekten positivt. Inntektsulikhet og om et land har katolisisme som mest praktiserte religion har ingen signifikant påvirkning på effekten