L’ascension professionnelle et le plafond de verre dans les entreprises privées au Québec

En dépit du consensus social québécois sur l’égalité de fait à atteindre, l’histoire de l’émancipation des femmes reste à parachever. Sur le marché du travail, les échelons supérieurs des organisations, tant privées que publiques, demeurent la prérogative des hommes qui occupent, dans une proportion très élevée, les postes les plus influents dans la majorité des entreprises au Québec et ailleurs. Le présent article s’intéresse au phénomène du plafond de verre et, plus précisément, à la pérennité des facteurs qui contribuent à son édification au sein d’une culture organisationnelle donnée, soit les milieux de la gestion et des finances dans les entreprises privées au Québec. À la suite de l’évolution des valeurs sociétales en matière d’égalité des sexes en Occident, comment peut-on en effet expliquer le maintien de cet effet frontière au cours de la carrière ascendante des femmes cadres? Pour répondre à cette question centrale, les auteures proposent un exposé en quatre temps. Elles tracent d’abord un portrait de la présence des femmes dans les échelons supérieurs des organisations québécoises et canadiennes. Par la suite, elles mettent en évidence les principaux facteurs qui érigent le plafond de verre, puis elles décrivent brièvement les orientations théoriques et méthodologiques qui ont guidé leur étude. Enfin, elles présentent un bref aperçu des résultats préliminaires de recherche et esquissent quelques pistes d’analyse.Despite Quebec’s social consensus on reaching a factual equality, the history of women’s emancipation is yet to be completed. In the work place, staff position within private and public organisations remain men’s prerogative, since they occupy a very high proportion of the influent positions of most enterprises here and abroad. The current article investigates the « glass ceiling » phenomenon, and more precisely the sustainability of the factors contributing to its edification within a given organizational culture in the midst of management and finance in private enterprises of Quebec. Following the evolution of societal values of the Western world in matters of equality between sexes, how can we indeed explain the containment of this frontier effect while the career of leading women is ascending? To answer this crucial question, we propose a four steps analysis. First, we will draw a brief picture of women presence in the higher levels of canadian and quebequer organisation. Second, we will identify the main factors that erect the « glass ceiling » and, third, we will try to understand in which way the gender relations within the organizational culture contribute to the reproduction of theses factors. Finally, we will present and comment our preliminary research results

Participação e transdisciplinaridade em Ecosaúde: a perspectiva da análise de redes sociais

A Ecosaúde usa abordagens participativas e transdisciplinares com o intuito de compreender as inter-relações entre os componentes dos sistemas socioecológicos e como estas interações influenciam a saúde das populações humanas. O objetivo do artigo é usar a Análise de Redes Sociais (ARS) para entender o papel das relações de colaboração entre os diversos atores envolvidos nos processos participativos e transdisciplinares em projetos de Ecosaúde. Apresentamos um conjunto de indicadores de ARS para caracterizar a evolução e a equidade de participação e diferenciar a inter e a transdisciplinaridade. A análise foi feita com base na rede de colaboração entre os atores da Iniciativa de Liderança em Ecosaúde para as Enfermidades Transmitidas por Vetores (ETV) na América Latina e Caribe. O processo participativo ficou mais intenso ao longo do projeto, com mais sujeitos envolvidos e um número crescente de colaborações. A cooperação entre os atores das ciências sociais, ambientais e da saúde é pouco equitativa; assim, predominam as ciências da saúde. Os poucos cientistas ambientais presentes estão, porém, ativamente envolvidos em colaborações interdisciplinares. A abordagem tem aplicação ampla para estudar a participação e a transdisciplinaridade em projetos sobre saúde e meio ambiente.Ecohealth uses participatory and transdisciplinary approaches to understand the relationships between the components of socio-ecological systems and how these interactions influence the health of human populations. The article aims to use Social Network Analysis (SNA) to understand the role of collaborative relationships between the various actors involved in participatory and transdisciplinary processes in Ecohealth projects. We present a set of SNA indicators to characterize the evolution and equity of participation and to differentiate the inter and the transdisciplinarity. The analysis was based on the collaboration network among the members of the Ecohealth Field Building Leadership Initiative for Vector-Borne Diseases (VBD) in Latin America and Caribbean. The participatory process intensified throughout the project, with more subjects involved and a growing number of collaborations. Cooperation between members from the social, environmental, and health sciences is unbalanced; thus, health scientists predominate. The few environmental scientists are, however, actively involved in interdisciplinary collaborations. The proposed approach has wide application to study participation and transdisciplinarity in projects about health and environment

How to account for sex and gender in occupational health and safety research: are mixed methods the answer?

OHS research has tended to measure the impact of occupational exposures and ergonomic interventions on male bodies and in a limited range of male-dominated occupations. To correct for this, researchers are encouraged to account for sex and gender in health research. It is not clear however how researchers should go about doing this. Taking OHS literature as a case study, in this paper, we argue that while mixed methods approaches alone do not produce analyses of sex or gender that move beyond reproducing binary comparisons or essentializing difference, combined with critical theoretical frameworks that engage in dialogic analysis, mixed methods have the potential to offer a complex and sophisticated understanding of the relationship between sex and/gender and OHS

Représentations sociales chrétiennes, santé et environnement en Amazonie brésilienne

Cet article vise à mieux comprendre pourquoi certains groupes religieux s’impliquent plus que d’autres dans les questions qui connectent l’environnement et la santé. Nous analysons les représentations sociales des groupes catholiques et évangéliques de communautés riveraines en Amazonie brésilienne. À partir de verbatim d’entretiens semidirigés conduits avec des leaders religieux, nous avons réalisé une analyse qualitative à l’aide de catégories conceptualisantes. Les leaders de chacun des groupes ont des représentations similaires des principaux problèmes de santé et d’environnement. Toutefois, les résultats montrent que les catholiques accordent une grande importance à la conscientisation, à l’éducation, à l’implication et à la mobilisation sociale, tandis que les évangéliques misent fortement sur l’évangélisation et l’obéissance aux règles prescrites par la Bible. Nous concluons que les représentations sociales issues des traditions catholiques et évangéliques influent sur le type d’action sociale que les groupes préconisent pour améliorer les conditions de santé et la qualité de l’environnement.Este artigo visa entender melhor por que alguns grupos religiosos estão mais envolvidos do que outros em questões que conectam o meio ambiente e a saúde. Analisamos as representações sociais de grupos católicos e evangélicos de comunidades ribeirinhas na Amazônia brasileira. A partir de entrevistas semiestruturadas conduzidas com líderes religiosos, realizamos uma análise qualitativa utilizando categorias conceituais. Líderes de cada grupo têm representações semelhantes sobre as principais questões ambientais e de saúde. No entanto, os resultados mostram que os católicos atribuem grande importância à conscientização, educação, envolvimento e mobilização social, enquanto que os evangélicos confiam fortemente na evangelização e na obediência às regras prescritas pela Bíblia. Concluímos que as representações sociais dos grupos católicos e evangélicos influenciam o tipo de ação social desenvolvido para melhorar as condições de saúde e a qualidade do meio ambiente

Ecohealth and resilience thinking : a dialog from experiences in research and practice

Resilience thinking and ecosystems approaches to health (EAH), or ecohealth, share roots in complexity science, although they have distinct foundations in ecology and population health, respectively. The current articulations of these two approaches are strongly converging, but each approach has its strengths. Resilience thinking has developed theoretical models to the study of social– ecological systems, whereas ecohealth has a vast repertoire of experience in dealing with complex health issues. With the two fields dovetailing, there is ripe opportunity to create a dialog centered on concepts that are more thoroughly developed in one field, which can then serve to advance the other. In this article, we first present an overview of the ecohealth and resilience thinking frameworks before opening a dialog centered on seven themes that have strong potential for cross-pollination between the two approaches: scale interactions, regime shifts, adaptive environmental management, social learning, participation, social and gender equity, and knowledge to action. We conclude with some future research suggestions for those interested in theoretical and practical applications at the intersection of environment and health. In particular, closer collaboration between these two fields can lead to addressing blind spots in the ecosystem services framework, complementary social-network analysis, the application of resilience heuristics to the understanding of health, and the development of a normative dimension in resilience thinking

Participação e transdisciplinaridade em Ecosaúde: a perspectiva da análise de redes sociais

Ecohealth uses participatory and transdisciplinary approaches to understand the relationships between the components of socio-ecological systems and how these interactions influence the health of human populations. The article aims to use Social Network Analysis (SNA) to understand the role of collaborative relationships between the various actors involved in participatory and transdisciplinary processes in Ecohealth projects. We present a set of SNA indicators to characterize the evolution and equity of participation and to differentiate the inter and the transdisciplinarity. The analysis was based on the collaboration network among the members of the Ecohealth Field Building Leadership Initiative for Vector-Borne Diseases (VBD) in Latin America and Caribbean. The participatory process intensified throughout the project, with more subjects involved and a growing number of collaborations. Cooperation between members from the social, environmental, and health sciences is unbalanced; thus, health scientists predominate. The few environmental scientists are, however, actively involved in interdisciplinary collaborations. The proposed approach has wide application to study participation and transdisciplinarity in projects about health and environment.A Ecosaúde usa abordagens participativas e transdisciplinares com o intuito de compreender as inter-relações entre os componentes dos sistemas socioecológicos e como estas interações influenciam a saúde das populações humanas. O objetivo do artigo é usar a Análise de Redes Sociais (ARS) para entender o papel das relações de colaboração entre os diversos atores envolvidos nos processos participativos e transdisciplinares em projetos de Ecosaúde. Apresentamos um conjunto de indicadores de ARS para caracterizar a evolução e a equidade de participação e diferenciar a inter e a transdisciplinaridade. A análise foi feita com base na rede de colaboração entre os atores da Iniciativa de Liderança em Ecosaúde para as Enfermidades Transmitidas por Vetores (ETV) na América Latina e Caribe. O processo participativo ficou mais intenso ao longo do projeto, com mais sujeitos envolvidos e um número crescente de colaborações. A cooperação entre os atores das ciências sociais, ambientais e da saúde é pouco equitativa; assim, predominam as ciências da saúde. Os poucos cientistas ambientais presentes estão, porém, ativamente envolvidos em colaborações interdisciplinares. A abordagem tem aplicação ampla para estudar a participação e a transdisciplinaridade em projetos sobre saúde e meio ambiente

The role of strong-tie social networks in mediating food security of fish resources by a traditional riverine community in the Brazilian Amazon

Social networks are a significant way through which rural communities that manage resources under common property regimes obtain food resources. Previous research on food security and social network analysis has mostly focused on egocentric network data or proxy variables for social networks to explain how social relations contribute to the different dimensions of food security. Whole-network approaches have the potential to contribute to former studies by revealing how individual social ties aggregate into complex structures that create opportunities or constraints to the sharing and distribution of food resources. We used a whole-network approach to investigate the role of network structure in contributing to the four dimensions of food security: food availability, access, utilization, and stability. For a case study of a riparian community from the Brazilian Amazon that is dependent on fish as a key element of food security, we mapped the community strong-tie network among 97% of the village population over 14 years old (n = 336) by integrating reciprocated friendship and occupational ties, as well as close kinship relationships. We explored how different structural properties of the community network contribute to the understanding of (1) the availability of fish as a community resource, (2) community access to fish as a dietary resource, (3) the utilization of fish for consumption in a way that allows the villagers to maximize nutrition while at the same time minimizing toxic risks associated with mercury exposure, and (4) the stability of the fish resources in local ecosystems as a result of cooperative behaviors and community-based management. The contribution of whole-network approaches to the study of the links between community-based natural resource management and food security were discussed in the context of recent social-ecological changes in the Amazonian region

Ecosystem approaches to health and knowledge-to-action: towards a political ecology of applied health-environment knowledge

Abstract Political ecology pushes back against the apolitical and ahistorical ecologies frequently found in mainstream scientific accounts of nature and the environment, and has increasingly focused on how scientific knowledge is 'socially constructed.' In this article, we argue for political ecological engagement with the highly influential knowledge-to-action (KTA) movement in science about health and the environment. We introduce KTA using results of a survey conducted under the auspices of a Canada-Latin America-Caribbean 'ecosystem approaches to health' (ecohealth) collaboration, and then narrow our focus to a single illustrative ecohealth project, dealing with the health impacts of small-scale gold mining in southwestern Ecuador. We employ an ecology of knowledge framework for integrating insights from science and technology studies,illustrating the interacting actors, material artifacts, institutions and discourses involved in not only the generation but also the application of health-environment science. The origins of ecohealth research in the Americas reflect interacting epistemological and political factors, as sophisticated, complex systemic analyses of health-environment interactions occurred amidst increasing neoliberalization of knowledge production. Simultaneously, corporate actors such as large mining companies influenced both the distribution of healthdamaging environmental conditions in the Americas, and the ways in which they were studied. This analysis motivates our advocacy of specifically political ecologies of health-environment knowledge, in which inequitable power dynamics and non-human actors are foregrounded in studies of the social production and application of science. The political ecology of knowledge framework that we envision would allow for simultaneous consideration of how societal contexts influence scientific knowledge production, and how the resulting knowledge can be better applied to protect the health of communities facing environmental injustice. Key words: ecohealth; mining; praxis; science and technology studies; knowledge-to-action; Canada; Ecuado

Strengthening a One Health approach to emerging zoonoses

Given the enormous global impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza in Canada, and manifold other zoonotic pathogen activity, there is a pressing need for a deeper understanding of the human-animal-environment interface and the intersecting biological, ecological, and societal factors contributing to the emergence, spread, and impact of zoonotic diseases. We aim to apply a One Health approach to pressing issues related to emerging zoonoses, and propose a functional framework of interconnected but distinct groups of recommendations around strategy and governance, technical leadership (operations), equity, education and research for a One Health approach and Action Plan for Canada. Change is desperately needed, beginning by reorienting our approach to health and recalibrating our perspectives to restore balance with the natural world in a rapid and sustainable fashion. In Canada, a major paradigm shift in how we think about health is required. All of society must recognize the intrinsic value of all living species and the importance of the health of humans, other animals, and ecosystems to health for all