Discriminatory matrix for the larvae of the European Thremma species (Trichoptera: Thremmatidae)

O editor da revista permite ao autor subir, exclusivamente, a primeira páxina do artigo.This synoptic paper is intended to summarize and supplement the information available on the larvae of Thremma McLachlan 1876 in Europe. We present information on the morphology of the larvae and illustrate the most important diagnostic features. This information is used for the construction of a comprehensive discriminatory matrix for the four European species of family Thremmatidae Martynov 1935 known in the larval stage so far. In the context of this matrix, larvae can be easily diagnosed by the shape of mesonotal sclerites, foretrochantins, forefemora and ventral sclerites on abdominal segment I, by head coloration patterns, by case morphology, and by distribution. In addition, ecological characteristics and distributions of the European taxa are briefly discussed.S

Prvi nalaz vrste Beraea dira McLachlan 1875 (Insecta, Trichoptera, Beraeidae) u Hrvatskoj

The caddisfly species Beraea dira McLachlan 1875 was recorded for the first time in Croatia in the upper course of the Bistrac River in October 2014.Tular Beraea dira McLachlan 1875 je po prvi put utvrđen na području Hrvatske u gornjem toku rijeke Bistrac u listopadu 2014. godine

Hydrologic Variability Affects Invertebrate Grazing on Phototrophic Biofilms in Stream Microcosms

The temporal variability of streamflow is known to be a key feature structuring and controlling fluvial ecological communities and ecosystem processes. Although alterations of streamflow regime due to habitat fragmentation or other anthropogenic factors are ubiquitous, a quantitative understanding of their implications on ecosystem structure and function is far from complete. Here, by experimenting with two contrasting flow regimes in stream microcosms, we provide a novel mechanistic explanation for how fluctuating flow regimes may affect grazing of phototrophic biofilms (i.e., periphyton) by an invertebrate species (Ecdyonurus sp.). In both flow regimes light availability was manipulated as a control on autotroph biofilm productivity and grazer activity, thereby allowing the test of flow regime effects across various ratios of biofilm biomass to grazing activity. Average grazing rates were significantly enhanced under variable flow conditions and this effect was highest at intermediate light availability. Our results suggest that stochastic flow regimes, characterised by suitable fluctuations and temporal persistence, may offer increased windows of opportunity for grazing under favourable shear stress conditions. This bears important implications for the development of comprehensive schemes for water resources management and for the understanding of trophic carbon transfer in stream food webs

Tools for instar determination of European caddisfly larvae (Insecta: Trichoptera)

Waringer, Johann (2021): Tools for instar determination of European caddisfly larvae (Insecta: Trichoptera). Zootaxa 4908 (1): 85-101, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4908.1.

Identification and morphology of a rhyacophilid caddisfly larva from Cyprus: Rhyacophila aphrodite Malicky 1975

Waringer, Johann, Malicky, Hans (2019): Identification and morphology of a rhyacophilid caddisfly larva from Cyprus: Rhyacophila aphrodite Malicky 1975. Zootaxa 4623 (3): 563-570, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4623.3.

FIGURES 1–6. Plectrocnemia renetta Malicky 1975, 5 in The larva of Plectrocnemia renetta Malicky 1975 (Trichoptera, Polycentropodidae), including a discriminatory matrix to the larvae of Plectrocnemia Stephens 1836 species of Greece

FIGURES 1–6. Plectrocnemia renetta Malicky 1975, 5th instar larva. 1, head and prothorax, dorsal (dotted lines = halftrapezoidal pattern of spots on posterior frontoclypeus, about 100°; small numerals refer to setal positions); 2, head and prosternum, ventral (a = anterior ventral apotome; ls – labial spinneret; ml = maxillary lobe; mp = maxillary palp; m = ventral process of epimeron; ss = submental sclerite; arrows = ventral processes of pronotum); 3, head and prothorax, right lateral (m = epimeron; s = episternum; t = foretrochantin); 4, labrum, dorsal (arrow = central pigmented mark); 5, mandibles, dorsal (a = apical tooth; arrows = subapical teeth); 6, mandibles, ventral (a = apical tooth; arrows = subapical teeth). Scale bars: 0.5 mm.Published as part of <i>Waringer, Johann & Malicky, Hans, 2019, The larva of Plectrocnemia renetta Malicky 1975 (Trichoptera, Polycentropodidae), including a discriminatory matrix to the larvae of Plectrocnemia Stephens 1836 species of Greece, pp. 372-382 in Zootaxa 4568 (2)</i> on page 374, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4568.2.11, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/10072803">http://zenodo.org/record/10072803</a&gt

Identification and morphology of an apataniid caddisfly larva from the Levant: Apatania cypria Tjeder 1952

Waringer, Johann, Malicky, Hans (2018): Identification and morphology of an apataniid caddisfly larva from the Levant: Apatania cypria Tjeder 1952. Zootaxa 4382 (1): 185-191, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4382.1.

FIGURES 12–17. Figures 12–14. Plectrocnemia renetta Malicky 1975, 5 in The larva of Plectrocnemia renetta Malicky 1975 (Trichoptera, Polycentropodidae), including a discriminatory matrix to the larvae of Plectrocnemia Stephens 1836 species of Greece

FIGURES 12–17. Figures 12–14. Plectrocnemia renetta Malicky 1975, 5th instar larva: 12, abdominal segment IX, ventral (ip = innermost primary seta; op = outermost primary seta; p = intermediate primary setae); 13, abdominal segment IX, dorsal, posterolateral setal trio (is = inner secondary seta; os = outer secondary seta; p = primary seta); 14, left anal proleg, left lateral (sc = distal sclerotized section; so = proximal unsclerotized section; dotted lines = right angle superimposed on obtuse-angled anal claw). Figure 15. P. kingi McLachlan 1881, 5th instar larva, left foreleg, posterior (double arrow = projected half length of tibia). Figure 16. P. g. geniculata McLachlan 1871, 5th instar larva, abdominal segment IX, ventral (ip = innermost primary seta; op = outermost primary seta; p = intermediate primary setae). Figure 17. P. c. conspersa (Curtis 1834), 5th instar larva, abdominal segment IX, ventral (ip = innermost primary seta; op = outermost primary seta; p = intermediate primary setae). Scale bars: 0.5 mm.Published as part of <i>Waringer, Johann & Malicky, Hans, 2019, The larva of Plectrocnemia renetta Malicky 1975 (Trichoptera, Polycentropodidae), including a discriminatory matrix to the larvae of Plectrocnemia Stephens 1836 species of Greece, pp. 372-382 in Zootaxa 4568 (2)</i> on page 376, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4568.2.11, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/10072803">http://zenodo.org/record/10072803</a&gt

Rhyacophila aphrodite Malicky 1975

Description of the final instar larva of Rhyacophila aphrodite Malicky 1975 Biometry. Body length of final instar larva 18.2 to 22.0 mm, head width 1.24 to 1.34 mm (n = 2). Chaetotaxonomy according to Williams & Wiggins (1981) and Friedrich et al. (2015), anal proleg terminology following Nielsen (1942). Head. Head capsule elongate, mean length: width ratio 1.33, lateral margins slightly convex with maximum width at height of posterior tip of frontoclypeal apotome (Fig. 1); surface finely wrinkled. Base coloration yellow, with conspicuous reddish brown, oval muscle attachment spots on dorsal, ventral, and lateral sides of parietalia, on frontoclypeal apotome, and along coronal suture (Figs. 1–3). Additional brown pigmentation on parietalia, dorsally from posterior frontoclypeal suture along posterior coronal suture to foramen occipitale, laterally from setae #12 and #14 to apophysis of foramen occipitale and ventrally, from foramen occipitale to center of parietalia (Figs. 1–3). On each parietal, setae #7, #9, #12, #14, #15, and #16 long and conspicuous (Fig. 1). Frontoclypeal apotome with deep central constriction, 5 pairs of primary setae, dark brown anterior margin, and U-shaped light brown pigmented area posterior of central constriction including 4–5 light muscle attachment spots (Fig. 1). Antennae inconspicuous, close to anterior parietal border, with short flagellum (not visible in Fig. 1). Yellowish labrum with 6 pairs of primary setae (Fig. 1). Ventral apotome (Fig. 2 va) shaped like isosceles triangle, dark brown, with thickened anterior border (Figs. 2, 4). Sclerites of maxillolabium yellowish brown; lateral borders of cardines, stipites, and mentum dark brown to black (Fig. 4). Mandibles medium brown, almost black apically, and asymmetrical (Fig. 4): right mandible with short, stout basal tooth (Fig. 4 bt), lacking on left mandible and replaced there by straight cutting edge (Fig. 4 ce). Each mandible with apical tooth (Fig. 4 at) and 2 lateral setae (Fig. 4, arrows). Thorax. Pronotum fully covered by 2 large sclerites with their maximum widths at insertions of setae # 7 and 9; sclerites tapering anteriorly and posteriorly; lateral borders slightly concave (Fig. 5). Pronotal sclerites yellowish, each with reddish brown muscle attachment spots over light brown pigmentation creating arrow-shaped pattern pointing mesad (Fig. 5). In addition, oval concentrations of muscle attachment spots in posterolateral sections of sclerites, each with seta #5 near its anterior border. Additional muscles attachment spots and narrow stripes of pigment bordering posterior half of median suture (Fig. 5). Posterior margin thick and black, with pair of semicircular posterior submesal bulges each with yellow center (Fig. 5 pm) and posterolateral prolongations (Fig. 3 pp). Posterolateral border of pronotal sclerites with black stripe fading laterally, absent anterior of insertion of seta #9; with thin black stripe above insertions of setae #9 and #7 (Fig. 3). Pronotal notch at anterolateral corner semicircular, with 2 long setae (Figs. 3 and 5, #22, #23) and 3 tiny setae (Fig. 5, dotted oval). Prosternal horn lacking, prosternite ill-defined, quadrangular, yellowish white (Fig. 2 p). Meso- and metathoraces totally unsclerotized, with pale purplish-blue coloured areas subdivided by whitish longitudinal and transversal stripes; each with single pair of anterior (setal area 1 = sa 1) setae and pair of groups of one long and two tiny posterior (setal area 2 = sa 2) setae. Procoxae each with triangular conical basal process (Fig. 3 bp) touching ventral extension of black pleural suture (Fig. 3 ps). Dorsal apex of pleural suture close to posterolateral prolongations of pronotum (Fig. 3 pp). Proepisternum small, quadrangular, yellowish brown; pro-epimeron very narrow, creating yellowish ventral plate below pleural suture (Fig. 3 em). Protrochantin triangular, yellow, with dark posterior tip and dark dorsal and ventral borders (Fig. 3 tr); its anterior process finger-shaped, bearing seta #10 (Fig. 6). Episterna and epimera of meso- and metathoraces almost completely reduced to black vertical pleural sutures (Fig. 9 ps), fused with horizontal trochantin bearing seta #10 (Lepneva 1964; seta #10 hidden by thoracic gill in Fig. 9). Legs yellowish brown, with forefemora distinctly wider than mid- and hind femora, and sclerite borders dark brown to black (Figs. 6–9). Counts of long setae on each leg as follows: coxa 5 (#1, #3, #4, #5, #6; Figs. 6, 9), trochanter 5 (#3–#6 visible in anterior view), femur 6 (#1, #2, #5, and #6 visible in anterior view), tibia 6 (#3–#6 and one secondary seta visible in anterior view), tarsus 4 (#1–#4; Fig. 6). Tarsal claws sickle-shaped, pointed (in Fig. 6, tarsal claw heavily worn), with basal spur originating from conical base (Figs. 6–8). Abdomen. Abdomen slightly depressed (flattened dorsoventrally), with purplish–blue dorsal colouration subdivided by whitish lines. Laterally and ventrally pale cream coloured. Each segment with 2 pairs of long dorsal primary setae (Fig. 10, setae #2, #5), one pair of tetrafilament lateral gills (Fig. 10), and pair of ventral setae #10 (Fig. 11). Lateral fringe lacking. Abdominal dorsum IX covered by large, yellow quadrangular sclerite with black anterior and posterior borders and dark brown markings and pair of lateral black projections; setae #2 and #3 inserted on sclerite, seta #4 on posterior edge and seta #5 inserted on small isolated posterolateral sclerite (Figs. 11, 12). With tufted, white anal gills (Figs. 11, 12 ag). Anal proleg sclerites yellowish brown, with dark brown borders and dark brown suture between anterior and posterior parts of proximal sclerite ’b’ (Fig. 11). Each proleg having proximal sclerite ’b’ (Fig. 11 pb) with oblique dark bar of suture extending onto strong basoventral hook (Fig. 11 h) anteriorly and with long terminal sword process (Fig. 11 sp) posteriorly; distal sclerite ’b’ with dorsal hornlike process with blunt tip (Fig. 11 bd). Ventral sclerite ‘c’ nearly round (Fig. 11 c). Ventral sclerite (Fig. 11 bv) with short median seta. Anal claw (ac) partially divided by ventral membrane into proximal and distal sections, latter fitted with two short basoventral teeth (Fig. 11, arrow). Anal claw teeth perpendicular to longitudinal axis of anal claw; distal anal claw tooth shorter than half anal claw width at distal tooth insertion (Fig. 11 arrow).Published as part of Waringer, Johann & Malicky, Hans, 2019, Identification and morphology of a rhyacophilid caddisfly larva from Cyprus: Rhyacophila aphrodite Malicky 1975, pp. 563-570 in Zootaxa 4623 (3) on page 564, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4623.3.8, http://zenodo.org/record/333595