296 research outputs found
Biozones of Patagonia (Argentina)
We present a classification of Patagonian ecosystems based on functional attributes derived from the seasonal curves of Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), calculated from spectral data provided by the NOAA/AVHRR satellites. The attributes used were the annual integral, the relative range of NDVI, and the date of maximum NOW. These attributes capture critical aspects of the seasonal dynamics of carbon gains and allow for a good description of the spatial heterogeneity of ecosystem function in temperate areas. Our analysis defined 12 biozones that capture current ecosystem functioning. The units defined showed a good agreement with previously defined phytogeographical provinces. Mapping biozones based on attributes derived from satellite data does not require assumptions on the relationship between vegetation units and environmental features. This reduces the errors associated to the lack of correlation between the vegetation and environmental features
Floods in the Pampas : Insights from over a decade of satellite observations
Non peer reviewedPublisher PD
The climate of Patagonia general patterns and controls on biotic processes
In this article we review the main characteristics of the Patagonian climate, the spatial and temporal patterns of the most important climatic variables, and the influence of climate on ecosystem processes. The winter distribution of precipitation determines an asynchrony between the wet and the growing season in Patagonia. The amount of water that can be transferred from the wet season to the growing season depends mainly on the physical characteristics of the soil. In the semiarid steppe of Chubut, drainage accounted for 10% of annual precipitation. Winter distribution of precipitation determines also an asynchronic dynamics of evaporation and transpiration fluxes. The ENSO phenomenon have a significant impact on regional precipitation. In central-west Patagonia, spring precipitation (September to November) was lower than normal during La Niña events and greater than normal during El Niño events. From December to February the opposite pattern can be observed: higher than normal precipitation during La Niña events and lower than normal precipitation during El Niño events. The impact of this phenomenon on the seasonal temperature was not as clear as for precipitation. We did not detect any temporal trends in annual precipitation for the period 1961-1996. The phenology of carbon gains is quite homogeneous in Patagonia. Most of the region showed a peak of production in November, when, simultaneously, water availability and temperature are high. Toward the west, production peaked later (December). Deciduous forests showed the peak in January and February
The dynamics of cultivation and floods in arable lands of Central Argentina
Although floods in watersheds have been associated with land-use change since ancient times, the dynamics of flooding is still incompletely understood. In this paper we explored the relations between rainfall, groundwater level, and cultivation to explain the dynamics of floods in the extremely flat and valuable arable lands of the Quinto river watershed, in central Argentina. The analysis involved an area of 12.4 million hectare during a 26-year period (1978–2003), which comprised two extensive flooding episodes in 1983–1988 and 1996–2003. Supported by information from surveys as well as field and remote sensing measurements, we explored the correlation among precipitation, groundwater levels, flooded area and land use. Flood extension was associated to the dynamics of groundwater level. While no correlation with rainfall was recorded in lowlands, a significant correlation (<i>P</i>&lt;0.01) between groundwater and rainfall in highlands was found when estimations comprise a time lag of one year. Correlations between groundwater level and flood extension were positive in all cases, but while highly significant relations (<i>P</i>&lt;0.01) were found in highlands, non significant relations (<i>P</i>&gt;0.05) predominate in lowlands. Our analysis supports the existence of a cyclic mechanism driven by the reciprocal influence between cultivation and groundwater in highlands. This cycle would involve the following stages: (a) cultivation boosts the elevation of groundwater levels through decreased evapotranspiration; (b) as groundwater level rises, floods spread causing a decline of land cultivation; (c) flooding propitiates higher evapotranspiration favouring its own retraction; (d) cultivation expands again following the retreat of floods. Thus, cultivation would trigger a destabilizing feedback self affecting future cultivation in the highlands. It is unlikely that such sequence can work in lowlands. The results suggest that rather than responding directly and solely to the same mechanism, floods in lowlands may be the combined result of various factors like local rainfall, groundwater level fluctuations, surface and subsurface lateral flow, and water-body interlinking. Although the hypothetical mechanisms proposed here require additional understanding efforts, they suggest a promising avenue of environmental management in which cultivation could be steered in the region to smooth the undesirable impacts of floods
Hydrological and productive impacts of recent land-use and land-cover changes in the semiarid Chaco: Understanding novel water excess in water scarce farmlands
Over the last decades, the rapid replacement of native forests by crops and pastures in the Argentinean semiarid Chaco plains has triggered unprecedented groundwater level raises resulting from deep drainage increases, leading to the first massive waterlogging event on records (~25,000 Ha flooded in 2015 near Bandera, one of the most cultivated clusters of the Chaco). In this paper, we link this episode to the ongoing deforestation and cropping scheme shifts through the combined analysis of remote sensing data, agricultural surveys, local farmer information and hydrologic modelling. From 2000 to 2015, the agricultural area of Bandera increased from 21% to 50%, mostly at the expense of dry forests. In this period, agriculture migrated from more intensive (i.e., double-cropping) to more water-conservative (i.e., late-summer single crops) schemes as a general strategy to reduce drought risks. These changes reduced regional evapotranspiration and increased the intensity of deep drainage in wet years. Contrasting cropping schemes displayed significant evapotranspiration differences, but all of them experienced substantial drainage losses (~100–200 mm) during the wettest year (2014/2015), suggesting that cropping adjustments have a limited capacity to halt the generation of water excesses. Nearly 50% of the cropped area in Bandera could not be sown or harvested following the groundwater recharge event of 2014/2015. In the ongoing context of shallow and rising water tables, the introduction of novel cropping schemes that include deep-rooted perennials, to promote transpirative groundwater discharge, seems crucial to avoid the recurrence of water excesses and their associated dryland salinity risk in the region.Fil: Giménez, Raúl. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - San Luis. Instituto de Matemática Aplicada de San Luis "Prof. Ezio Marchi". Universidad Nacional de San Luis. Facultad de Ciencias Físico, Matemáticas y Naturales. Instituto de Matemática Aplicada de San Luis "Prof. Ezio Marchi"; ArgentinaFil: Mercau, Jorge Luis. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro Regional La Pampa-San Luis. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria San Luis. Agencia de Extensión Rural San Luis; ArgentinaFil: Bert, Federico Esteban. Universidad de Buenos Aires; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía; ArgentinaFil: Kuppel, Sylvain. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; Francia. University of Aberdeen; Reino UnidoFil: Baldi, Germán. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - San Luis. Instituto de Matemática Aplicada de San Luis "Prof. Ezio Marchi". Universidad Nacional de San Luis. Facultad de Ciencias Físico, Matemáticas y Naturales. Instituto de Matemática Aplicada de San Luis "Prof. Ezio Marchi"; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de San Luis. Facultad de Ciencias Físico Matemáticas y Naturales. Departamento de Geología; ArgentinaFil: Houspanossian, Javier. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - San Luis. Instituto de Matemática Aplicada de San Luis "Prof. Ezio Marchi". Universidad Nacional de San Luis. Facultad de Ciencias Físico, Matemáticas y Naturales. Instituto de Matemática Aplicada de San Luis "Prof. Ezio Marchi"; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de San Luis. Facultad de Ciencias Físico Matemáticas y Naturales. Departamento de Geología; ArgentinaFil: Magliano, Patricio Nicolás. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - San Luis. Instituto de Matemática Aplicada de San Luis "Prof. Ezio Marchi". Universidad Nacional de San Luis. Facultad de Ciencias Físico, Matemáticas y Naturales. Instituto de Matemática Aplicada de San Luis "Prof. Ezio Marchi"; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de San Luis. Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia. Departamento de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas; ArgentinaFil: Jobbagy Gampel, Esteban Gabriel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - San Luis. Instituto de Matemática Aplicada de San Luis "Prof. Ezio Marchi". Universidad Nacional de San Luis. Facultad de Ciencias Físico, Matemáticas y Naturales. Instituto de Matemática Aplicada de San Luis "Prof. Ezio Marchi"; Argentin
Contrasting CO2 and water vapour fluxes in dry forest and pasture sites of central Argentina
The dry forests of South America are a key player of the global carbon cycle and the regional water cycle, but they are being intensively deforested. We used eddy covariance measurements to compare the temporal patterns of CO2 and water vapour fluxes and their relationships with environmental variables in dry forest and pastures sites of central Argentina. Ecosystem fluxes showed clear contrasts in magnitude, timing and response to environmental controls between ecosystems. The dry forest displayed higher daily gross primary productivity (GPP, 10.6 vs. 7.8 g CO2 m−2 d−1) and ecosystem respiration (Reco, 9.1 vs. 7.0 g CO2 m−2 d−1) and lower net ecosystem exchange (NEE, −1.5 vs. −0.7 g CO2 m−2 d−1) than the pasture. These differences were explained by a lower tolerance of the pasture to cool temperatures and drought. The lowest NEE rates were observed between 26°C and 34°C in the pasture, but below this range, NEE increased sharply, switching to a carbon source with temperatures <20°C. By contrast, the dry forest remained as a strong carbon sink down to 18°C. The pasture also showed a stronger drop of GPP with drought compared with the dry forest, becoming a carbon source with soil wetness <25% of soil available water. Rainfall was strongly coupled with GPP in both ecosystems, but the dry forest responded to longer rainfall integration periods. This study helps to understand how ecosystems can respond to climate change, improve global scale modelling and increase the productivity and resilience of rangelands.Fil: Nosetto, Marcelo Daniel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - San Luis. Instituto de Matemática Aplicada de San Luis "Prof. Ezio Marchi". Universidad Nacional de San Luis. Facultad de Ciencias Físico, Matemáticas y Naturales. Instituto de Matemática Aplicada de San Luis "Prof. Ezio Marchi"; ArgentinaFil: Luna Toledo, Emanuel Santiago. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Chilecito; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Magliano, Patricio Nicolás. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - San Luis. Instituto de Matemática Aplicada de San Luis "Prof. Ezio Marchi". Universidad Nacional de San Luis. Facultad de Ciencias Físico, Matemáticas y Naturales. Instituto de Matemática Aplicada de San Luis "Prof. Ezio Marchi"; ArgentinaFil: Figuerola, Patricia Irene. Universidad Nacional de Chilecito; ArgentinaFil: Blanco, Lisandro Javier. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria; ArgentinaFil: Jobbagy Gampel, Esteban Gabriel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - San Luis. Instituto de Matemática Aplicada de San Luis "Prof. Ezio Marchi". Universidad Nacional de San Luis. Facultad de Ciencias Físico, Matemáticas y Naturales. Instituto de Matemática Aplicada de San Luis "Prof. Ezio Marchi"; Argentin
Mechanochemical synthesis of mononuclear gold(I) halide complexes of diphosphine ligands with tuneable luminescent properties
A mechanochemical method is reported for the synthesis of Au(diphos)X complexes of diphosphine (diphos = XantPhos and N-XantPhos) ligands and halide ions (X = Cl and I). The Au(XantPhos)X (1: X = Cl; 2: X = I) and Au(N-XantPhos)Cl (3) complexes exhibited either yellowish green (1) or bluish green (2) emission, whereas 3 was seemingly non-emissive in the solid state at room temperature. Blue- (2B) and bluish green (2G) luminescent concomitant solvates of 2 were obtained by recrystallization. Luminescent colour changes from blue (2B) or bluish green (2G) to yellow were observed when these forms were subjected to mechanical stimulus, while the original emission colour can be recovered in the presence of solvent vapours. Moreover, the luminescence of 2B can be reversibly altered between blue and yellow by heating/cooling-cycles. These results demonstrate the power of mechanochemistry in the rapid (4 min reaction time), efficient (up to 98% yield) and greener synthesis of luminescent and stimuli-responsive gold(I) complexes
Sequía e inundación en la hiperllanura pampeana : una mirada desde el lote al municipio
71-77En la Región Pampeana la lluvia, y su elevada variabilidad, es la principal determinante de la producción agropecuaria (Hall et al., 1992)que motoriza la economía de muchos municipios. En los sistemas de producción pampeanos, en los que el riego es aún una práctica poco común, la escasez de lluvias resiente a la producción y propaga sus efectos en el tiempo y en la comunidad a partir de los daños económicos que genera. En el otro extremo, las lluvias excesivas desencadenan procesos de anegamiento e inundación capaces de generar daños de magnitud similar a los de la sequía. En paisajes extremadamente planos o de 'hiperllanura' (Jobbágy et al., 2008), como son los de la Pampa Deprimida e Interior, el escurrimiento lento y dificultoso lleva a que los excesos hídricos se almacenen localmente, elevando los niveles freáticos e incrementando el área ocupada por agua en las zonas más bajas del paisaje. Las inundaciones resultantes son de avance gradual y sostenido y pueden durar muchos meses, generando pérdidas productivas y daños en la infraestructura de áreas rurales y urbanas. En el Oeste Pampeano y en gran parte de la cuenca del Río Salado las fluctuaciones del nivel de la napa freática están estrechamente conectadas al balance hídrico local y con los cuerpos superficiales de agua (Aragón et al., 2010; Badano, 2010). Los excesos hídricos son almacenados localmente en lagunas o en la napa freática, que lentamente sube de nivel. Las napas cercanas a la superficie aumentan fuertemente el rendimiento de los cultivos, especialmente en años secos (Nosetto et al., 2009), representando una vía de transferencia de agua de años de exceso a años de déficit (Jobbagy et al., 2008). Sin embargo, una vez que la napa supera un umbral de cercanía a la superficie el rendimiento cae abruptamente (Nosetto et al., 2009)y, a nivel de paisaje, el área ocupada por cuerpos de agua se expande con mucha rapidez, las lagunas comienzan a coalecer y en casos extremos se disparan inundaciones regionales (Aragón et al., 2010). Como el drenaje superficial natural y/o artificial de los excedentes tiene un alcance limitado en la región (Badano, 2010), cobra gran importancia el control de la recarga para evitar llegar a ese umbral crítico en el que aumenta el riesgo de inundación. Existen evidencias de que el reemplazo de pasturas perennes por cultivos ha aumentado la recarga (Nosetto et al., 2012), especialmente cuando luego de algunos años secos se siembran campos bajos que luego, en años húmedos, quedan sin sembrar o pierden sus cultivos tempranamente. Al margen del riesgo de inundación, los productores también se beneficiarían si lograran disminuir los excedentes hídricos. Aumentar la transpiración vegetal es una de las avenidas más potentes para lograr mayor productividad del agua limitando otras vías de pérdidas del sistema (Passioura, 2006), como el drenaje profundo o la evaporación desde grandes cuerpos de agua durante una inundación. Por eso, aunque pueden existir conflictos entre distintos usos de la tierra y los intereses de los municipios, también es claro que puede haber oportunidades para un beneficio mutuo. Lograr un uso más inteligente y justo del territorio requiere del conocimiento de los beneficios y riesgos que enfrentan sus múltiples usuarios y las alternativas disponibles. Frente al rol dual del agua en la Hiperllanura Pampeana, es valioso adaptar las estrategias de uso de la tierra para minimizar riesgos y daños maximizando la producción y el desarrollo económico. Para dar este paso surge una necesidad previa que es la de comprender la percepción que distintos actores del territorio tienen respecto a estas fluctuaciones ecohidrológicas. Con ese objetivo, realizamos un taller de discusión en la localidad de América, guiados por las siguientes preguntas: ¿en qué medida difieren los efectos, productivos y económicos, de la sequía y la inundación? ¿Cómo afectan estas perturbaciones aperturbaciones a distintos productores y a todo un municipio? ¿Cuáles son sus opciones y respuestas más comunes? Este trabajo presenta los hallazgos más sobresalientes
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