A evolução histórica dos conceitos de transtorno de humor e transtorno de personalidade: problemas no diagnóstico diferencial

BACKGROUND: The concepts of mood and personality disorders have faced countless changes over the last decades. Historically, these concepts have been built in parallel, that is, mood and personality disorders have been considered as independent disorders with respect to diagnosis, prognosis and treatment. Recently, however, new proposes on the nosological conceptualization of these disorders have raised the question of a possible overlap between these nosological entities, making the differential diagnosis between these disorders difficult at times. OBJECTIVES: To carry out a literature review on the evolution of mood and personality disorders concepts under a historical perspective, focusing on diagnostic-related issues. METHOD: A comprehensive MEDLINE literature search (1990-2007) was conducted. RESULTS: Contrarily to the concept of mood disorder, which seems to be stable and relatively unchanged since its first description, the concept of personality disorder shows considerable variation over the different literature findings. Thus, both groups of disorders have been conceptualized not only in a categorical point of view but also according to a dimensional approach. The last one may be at least partially accountable for the difficulties sometimes observed in the differential diagnosis of these disorders. DISCUSSION: The differential diagnosis between mood and personality disorders may still represent a serious problem in clinical settings, and can not be completely clarified in light of available evidence. A better understanding of the pathophysiological basis of these disorders, as well as the more accurate identification of their biological markers can help redefining their concepts and their nosological current status.CONTEXTO: Os conceitos de transtornos de humor e de personalidade sofreram diversas mudanças nas últimas décadas. Historicamente, esses conceitos foram construídos em paralelo, isto é, transtornos de humor e personalidade são considerados como transtornos independentes em relação ao diagnóstico, ao prognóstico e ao tratamento. Recentemente, entretanto, novas propostas na conceituação nosológica desses transtornos levantaram a questão de uma possível sobreposição dessas entidades, tornando o diagnóstico diferencial entre esses transtornos muitas vezes difícil. OBJETIVOS: Realizar uma revisão de literatura sobre a evolução dos conceitos de transtorno de humor e personalidade sob uma perspectiva histórica, focando em publicações relacionadas ao diagnóstico. MÉTODO: Revisão compreensiva da literatura utilizando o banco de dados MEDLINE (1990-2007). RESULTADOS: Ao contrário do conceito de transtorno de humor, que se apresenta estável e relativamente sem modificações desde suas primeiras descrições, o conceito de transtorno de personalidade mostra considerável variação ao longo dos diferentes achados de literatura. Assim, ambos os grupos de transtornos têm sido conceituados tanto categorial como dimensionalmente. Esta última abordagem pode ser, em parte, responsável pelas dificuldades algumas vezes encontradas no diagnóstico diferencial desses transtornos. CONCLUSÃO: O diagnóstico diferencial entre transtornos de humor e personalidade ainda representa um sério problema na prática clínica e não pode ser completamente esclarecido com base nas evidências disponíveis. O melhor entendimento da base fisiopatológica desses transtornos, bem como a identificação mais precisa de seus marcadores biológicos, pode ajudar a redefinir seus conceitos e seus status nosológicos atuais

The sportivization process of a martial art: the karate

[EN] This study addresses the historical trajectory of karate, particularly in relation to the processes that favored its inclusion as one of the five modalities that will debut at the 2020 Olympic Games in Tokyo, Japan. The literature review was the methodology used in this research. Several attempts and efforts were identified to enable karate to join as a sport in the Olympic Games. It was concluded that the agents (federation leaders, presidents, coaches and athletes) along with institutions (clubs, companies, government, among others) were involved in a process that aimed to meet the requirements of the International Olympic Committee. Thus, it is possible to observe various transformations in the development of this modality that shaped karate as it istoday, which has made it a rookie modality being conditioned by market interests

Warming offsets the benefits of elevated CO2 in water relations while amplifies elevated CO2-induced reduction in forage nutritional value in the C4 grass Megathyrsus maximus

Tropical grasslands are very important to global carbon and water cycles. C4 plants have increased heat tolerance and a CO2 concentrating mechanism that often reduces responses to elevated concentrations of CO2 ([CO2]). Despite the importance of tropical grasslands, there is a scarcity of studies that elucidate how managed tropical grasslands will be affected by elevated [CO2] and warming. In our study, we used a combination of a temperature-free air-controlled enhancement (T-FACE) and a free-air carbon dioxide enrichment (FACE) systems to increase canopy temperature and [CO2] under field conditions, respectively. We warmed a field-grown pasture dominated by the C4 tropical forage grass Megathyrsus maximus by 2°C above ambient under two levels of [CO2] (ambient (aC) and elevated (eC - 600 ppm) to investigate how these two factors isolated or combined regulate water relations through stomatal regulation, and how this combination affects PSII functioning, biochemistry, forage nutritive value, and digestibility. We demonstrated that the effects of warming negated the effects of eC in plant transpiration, water potential, proline content, and soil moisture conservation, resulting in warming canceling the eCO2-induced improvement in these parameters. Furthermore, there were additive effects between eC and warming for chlorophyll fluorescence parameters and aboveground nutritive value. Warming sharply intensified the eCO2-induced decrease in crude protein content and increases in forage fibrous fraction and lignin, resulting in a smaller forage digestibility under a warmer CO2-enriched atmosphere. Our results highlight the importance of multifactorial studies when investigating global change impacts on managed ecosystems and the potential consequences for the global carbon cycle like amplification in methane emissions by ruminants and feeding a positive climate feedback system

Integrated systems improve the sustainability of soybean cultivation in the tropical region

Inter-cropping between annual crops with tropical forages through integration crop-livestock systems (ICL) is considered a sustainable option to increase crop diversity and soybean productivity. In this study, we evaluated (1) the biomass production, desiccation efficiency, nutrient accumulation, and biomass decomposition of soil crop residues produced by Panicum maximum plants intercropped with maize in two different sowing methods during the second harvest and (2) investigated how soil crop residues impact the productivity of soybean. The experiment was conducted in a complete block design with three replicates. We compared conventional soybean cultivation with soybean cultivated over soil crop residues produced by a previous integration between maize and two Panicum maximum cultivars: Tamani and Zuri guinea grass, within and between rows of maize plants. Our results showed that Tamani guinea grass showed the highest desiccation efficiency. Zuri and Tamani guinea grass cultivated within and between maize plants resulted in higher biomass production and nutrient cycling potential, resulting in an increase of 28.4% in soybean productivity, compared to soybean grown without soil crop residues. We concluded that ICL system is an efficient method to increase the sustainability of soybean cultivation

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Patrimônio e desenvolvimento: as políticas de patrimônio cultural nos anos 1960

This article aims at analyzing aspects of 1960s Brazilian cultural heritage policies, highlighting changes related to the articulation of concepts such as development, culture and heritage within the Directory of National Historical and Artistic Heritage - DPHAN, today Institute of National Historical and Artistic Heritage (IPHAN). It discusses the effects of industrialization, urban growth and development improvement measures on heritage concepts and policies, analyzing initiatives that focus on preserving cultural assets acknowledged as national historical and artistic heritage and enhancing their economical potential. The discussion emphasizes notions and understandings on heritage and preservation that had substantial bearing on preservation measures carried on by DPHAN from the 1960s on regarding the identification, valorization and protection of cultural heritage, as well as the disciplinary and institutional debates this Directory proposed.O objetivo deste artigo é analisar especificidades dos anos 1960 no que diz respeito às políticas de patrimônio, destacando algumas mudanças de entendimentos, noções e propostas, notadamente referentes às relações entre desenvolvimento, cultura e patrimônio trabalhadas pelo Instituto do Patrimônio Histórico e Artístico Nacional, então Diretoria do Patrimônio Histórico e Artístico Nacional (DPHAN). Para tanto, vai-se partir das discussões e debates desse momento acerca dos efeitos da industrialização, do crescimento urbano e das políticas desenvolvimentistas sobre as políticas de patrimônio a partir dessa década, analisando as iniciativas voltadas à patrimonialização de bens culturais, à preservação do acervo que compunha o patrimônio histórico e artístico nacional e ao fomento de suas potencialidades econômicas. Na discussão proposta neste artigo, priorizar-se-ão os entendimentos e ações de preservação da DPHAN relacionados a identificação, valoração e proteção dos bens culturais, assim como os diálogos disciplinares e institucionais que a diretoria procurou estabelecer