Tradução audiovisual à luz da Teoria de Skopos : o caso da legendagem da série “As Imperatrizes no Palácio (Zhēn Huán zhuàn 甄嬛传)”

Esta dissertação de mestrado propõe-se a estudar de que forma são traduzidos, nos textos audiovisuais, os elementos culturais que distinguem as línguas e culturas chinesa e portuguesa, tomando como objeto de estudo a legendagem da série chinesa “As Imperatrizes no Palácio (Zhēn Huán zhuàn 甄嬛传)” da Netflix. Esta série, cujo tema se desenvolve entre 1723 e 1735 durante o reinado da Dinastia Qing, relata a vida da personagem principal, Zhen Huan 甄嬛, no palácio imperial. Com a globalização, verificou-se um desenvolvimento abrangente e acelerado da comunicação política, económica e cultural entre a China e os restantes países. Ao longo dos últimos cem anos, as obras cinematográficas e televisivas revelaram-se formas de arte de alcance global com forte apelo popular, características que as estabeleceram como canais de comunicação de relevo e que possibilitaram a existência de intercâmbios culturais a um ritmo elevado, desencadeando assim um papel crucial na comunicação. A introdução de obras estrangeiras de cinema e televisão em larga escala veio colocar enormes desafios à tradução de legendas, quer em filmes quer noutros conteúdos televisivos. Todavia, em simultâneo, oferece ao público geral as condições que propiciam a obtenção de maiores quantidades de informação, podendo ainda, inclusive, servir como agente facilitador na aprendizagem de novas línguas. A tradução no cinema e séries televisivas assume um papel central que possibilita a apreciação de obras estrangeiras às audiências de uma determinada língua-alvo, assumindose assim como um elemento cultural indispensável nas sociedades modernas. Na China, a componente da tradução que se debruça sobre a legendagem de filmes e de obras televisivas é, ainda, uma área emergente. Por essa razão, o estudo sobre a tradução de legendas mantémse incapaz de atrair a atenção que merece, ao contrário do que acontece com a tradução literária (Qian, 2000). Paralelamente, a qualidade da tradução afeta, de forma direta, o valor dos produtos audiovisuais. Poder-se-á assim entender a tradução de legendas como um pilar essencial para a tradução dos produtos audiovisuais. Desde a década de 1930 (Fernández & Evans, 2018), tem havido um avanço sistemático nas investigações relacionadas com o tema por parte de círculos académicos ocidentais. São inúmeros os exemplos de peritos europeus a publicar uma grande quantidade de artigos sobre tradução para cinema e televisão, tendo sido, inclusive, estabelecidas algumas organizações especializadas para este efeito, como a European Association for Studies in Screen Translation. No entanto, os objetos de estudo destas instituições concentravam-se sobretudo na tradução de línguas europeias. A ausência de abordagens ao estudo sobre a tradução entre o mandarim e o português, duas línguas que pertencem a famílias linguísticas diferentes, é evidente, configurando um cenário que tem perdurado até aos dias de hoje. A teoria de Skopos foi proposta por Hans J. Vermeer, representante alemão do funcionalismo de tradução, na década de 1970. Toda a teoria de Skopos assenta numa ideia essencial: a tradução é um ato comunicativo (Gutt, 2004). O objetivo a ser alcançado através do ato de tradução determina todo o seu processo, do início ao fim. Por outras palavras, “o fim determina os meios”, pelo que a estratégia a ser implementada deve ser delineada de acordo com o objetivo da própria tradução. À luz da teoria de Skopos, a presente dissertação pretende concentrar-se na análise das estratégias de tradução utilizadas para a legendagem da série televisiva chinesa “As Imperatrizes no Palácio” em língua portuguesa, na sua versão adaptada da Netflix. Com esta investigação, a autora pretendeu, acima de tudo, apresentar sugestões e obter resultados que contribuíssem para incrementar a qualidade do processo tradutivo e, consequentemente, das legendas utilizadas.This thesis proposes to study how the cultural elements that distinguish Chinese and Portuguese languages and cultures are translated into audiovisual texts, taking as a subject of study the subtitling of the Chinese series “The Empresses of the Palace (Zhēn Huán zhuàn 甄嬛传)” on Netflix. This series, whose theme develops between 1723 and 1735 in the Qing Dynasty, presents the life of the main character Zhen Huan 甄嬛 in the imperial palace. Along with the acceleration of globalization, the political, economic and cultural communication between China and other countries has entered a stage of rapid and comprehensive multi-channel development. Since film and television works are a popular and world-wide art form, they have become a major carrier of cultural exchange at an astonishing speed in just one hundred years, and undoubtedly occupies a significant place in communication. The introduction of large-scale foreign film and television pieces poses major challenges for the translation of film and television subtitles. Fortunately, at the same time, it provides convenient conditions for individuals to obtain new kinds of information and even learn foreign languages. Audiovisual translation is the basis for target-language audiences to appreciate foreign film and television works, and it’s an indispensable cultural form in modern society. In China, the translation of film and television subtitles is an emerging field. The domestic research on subtitle translation is also still in its early stages, at same time, this kind of translation has not yet attracted as much attention as literary translation. The subtitles have the mission of disseminating the information of film and television works. The quality of translation has direct importance on the value of audiovisual products. Therefore, subtitle translation is the basis and core of film and television translation. The investigation of film and television subtitle translation has been well developed and more systematic in western academic circles since the 1930s. Western scholars have published a large number of articles on film and television translation, and even some organizations specializing in this kind of translation have been established, such as the European Association for Studies in Screen Translation. However, the research objects of these institutions usually focus on translation between European languages and have not yet been involved in translation between the two languages belonging to different language families. Skopos theory was proposed by Hans J. Vermeer, a German representative of translation functionalism, in the 1970s. The main idea of Skopos theory is that translation is an act of communication. The goal to be achieved by the translation act determines the whole process of translation behavior, that is, the “goal determines the means”. The translation strategy must be defined according to the purpose of the translation. In light of Skopos theory, the present dissertation will focus on the analysis of the translation strategies used in the Portuguese subtitles of the Chinese television series Empresses in the Palace of Netflix version. Through this research, the author has obtained the main results and put forward suggestions for improvement of some defects

An analysis of age bias against older workers in the recruitment and selection

Age bias against older workers in recruitment and selection is always a serious problem in the organizations and society. The dilemma of older workers in employment and age bias they faced in recruitment process should be concerned. This qualitative research aims to search out the situation and the potential causes of age bias against older age group in recruitment and selection from the perspective of older workers. In order to achieve research aims, 10 purposed participants will be involved in the interview and some relevant information should be discussion based on the investigation and pervious literature. The result show that older workers face different degrees of age bias in recruitment and selection. For the reasons of age bias, they believe that stereotype of older age group is the main and root reason of the ageism and partly influence other causes such as attitudes and behaviors of employers, employment cost, nature of specific industries and job position they apply as well as legislation and functions of public. Moreover, these reasons are interrelated and influence each other. Meanwhile, based on the findings, some suggestion will be put forward to relieve this phenomenon and provide a more relaxed environment for the employment and employment of older workers

Antitumor efficacy of combination of interferon-gamma-inducible protein 10 gene with gemcitabine, a study in murine model

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Interferon-γ-inducible protein 10 (IP-10) is a potent inhibitor of tumor angiogenesis. It has been reported that the antiangiogenic therapy combined with chemotherapy has synergistic effects.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>To elucidate the mechanisms of IP-10 gene combined with a chemotherapy agent, we intramuscularly injected pBLAST-IP-10 expression plasmid combined with gemcitabine into tumor-bearing mice.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The proliferation of endothelial cells was effectively inhibited by IP-10 combined with gemcitabine <it>in vitro</it>. Treatment with pBLAST-IP-10 twice a week for 4 weeks combined with gemcitabine 10 mg/kg (once a week) resulted in sustained high level of IP-10 protein in serum, inhibition of tumor growth and prolongation of the survival of tumor-bearing mice. Compared with administration of IP-10 plasmid or gemcitabine alone, the angiogenesis in tumors were apparently inhibited, and the numbers of apoptotic cells and lymphocytes in tumor increased in the combination therapy group.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Our data indicate that the gene therapy of antiangiogenesis by intramuscular delivery of plasmid DNA encoding IP-10 combined with gemcitabine has synergistic effects on tomor by inhibiting the proliferation of endothelail cells, inducing the apoptosis of tumor cells, and recruiting lymphocytes to tumor in murine models. The present findings provided evidence of antitumor effects of genetherapy combined with chemotherapy.</p

Suppressing Ion Migration Enables Stable Perovskite Light-Emitting Diodes with All-Inorganic Strategy

Stability issue is one of the major concerns that limit emergent perovskite light-emitting diodes (PeLEDs) techniques. Generally, ion migration is considered as the most important origin of PeLEDs degradation. In this work, an all-inorganic device architecture, LiF/perovskite/LiF/ZnS/ZnSe, is proposed to address this imperative problem. The inorganic (Cs1-xRbx)(1-)(y)K(y)PbBr(3)perovskite is optimized with achieving a photoluminescence quantum yield of 67%. Depth profile analysis of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy indicates that the LiF/perovskite/LiF structure and the ZnS/ZnSe cascade electron transport layers significantly suppress the electric-field-induced ion migrations of the perovskite layers, and impede the diffusion of metallic atoms from cathode into perovskites. The as-prepared PeLEDs display excellent shelf stability (maintaining 90% of the initial external quantum efficiency [EQE] after 264 h) and operational stability (half-lifetime of about 255 h at an initial luminance of 120 cd m(-2)). The devices also exhibit a maximum brightness of 15 6155 cd m(-2)and an EQE of 11.05%

Optimization or Bayesian strategy? Performance of the Bhattacharyya distance in different algorithms of stochastic model updating

The Bhattacharyya distance has been developed as a comprehensive uncertainty quantification metric by capturing multiple uncertainty sources from both numerical predictions and experimental measurements. This work pursues a further investigation of the performance of the Bhattacharyya distance in different methodologies for stochastic model updating, and thus to prove the universality of the Bhattacharyya distance in various currently popular updating procedures. The first procedure is the Bayesian model updating where the Bhattacharyya distance is utilized to define an approximate likelihood function and the transitional Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithm is employed to obtain the posterior distribution of the parameters. In the second updating procedure, the Bhattacharyya distance is utilized to construct the objective function of an optimization problem. The objective function is defined as the Bhattacharyya distance between the samples of numerical prediction and the samples of the target data. The comparison study is performed on a four degrees-of-freedom mass-spring system. A challenging task is raised in this example by assigning different distributions to the parameters with imprecise distribution coefficients. This requires the stochastic updating procedure to calibrate not the parameters themselves, but their distribution properties. The second example employs the GARTEUR SM-AG19 benchmark structure to demonstrate the feasibility of the Bhattacharyya distance in the presence of practical experiment uncertainty raising from measuring techniques, equipment, and subjective randomness. The results demonstrate the Bhattacharyya distance as a comprehensive and universal uncertainty quantification metric in stochastic model updating

The first case of pulmonary disease caused by Mycobacterium septicum in China

SummaryMycobacterium septicum is a rapidly growing Mycobacterium (RGM) that rarely causes pulmonary disease globally. We describe a case of M. septicum pulmonary disease, which to our knowledge is the first reported in China. The isolates were identified as M. septicum and were susceptible in vitro to amikacin, ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, levofloxacin, kanamycin, and sulfamethoxazole

Analysis of mechanical properties, permeability and fracturing mechanism of coal samples at different fracturing time of liquid nitrogen

In order to study the influence of liquid nitrogen cracking time on mechanical properties and permeability of coal samples, the independently developed WYS-800 triaxial gas seepage test device and acoustic emission detection system were used to conduct triaxial mechanical seepage tests on four groups of coal samples treated with different cracking time and collect acoustic emission signals. The mechanical properties and permeability of coal samples in triaxial mechanical seepage experiment were analyzed, and the characteristics of acoustic emission signals were described. Based on boiling heat transfer theory, one-dimensional cylinder heat conduction theory and thermal stress theory, the cracking mechanism was analyzed, and the thermal stress under different cracking time was calculated. The relationship between average temperature drop, average thermal stress, initial permeability and cracking time was revealed by data fitting. The results show that: ① Liquid nitrogen fracturing time have different influence on the mechanical properties of coal samples, the compressive strength and elastic modulus with the increase of the crack time shows the tendency of increase with the decrease of the first, the poisson's ratio are increased after the first decreases, coal sample triaxial loading when the axial stress and axial strain curve of the periodic evolution has obvious difference, associated with the change of mechanical parameters. ② The permeability of coal samples with different cracking time changes in u-shape during the triaxial loading process. The initial permeability, minimum permeability and maximum permeability increase with the increase of cracking time, and the increase rate is 119.05%, 437.5% and 146.49% when the cracking time is 30min. Acoustic emission signals are not active in compaction and elastic stages, and are mainly generated in yield and failure stages. The peak value of acoustic emission ringing count of coal samples after cracking is generated near the failure point, which is more than 20000 times. ③ The film boiling heat transfer coefficient between the coal sample and liquid nitrogen is 570.4 W/(m2·K). The average temperature drop of the coal sample is related to the cracking time, and the average thermal stress and initial permeability play a leading role. The average temperature drop of the coal sample can reach 213.63 K and the average thermal stress can reach 5.85 MPa after 30 min of cracking. ④ There is a linear relationship between initial permeability and average temperature drop, and a negative exponential relationship between initial permeability and cracking time of coal samples after liquid nitrogen treatment. Changing the parameter value can be extended to other similar coal samples or actual production evaluation

Differential Expression Analysis of Olfactory Genes Based on a Combination of Sequencing Platforms and Behavioral Investigations in Aphidius gifuensis

Aphidius gifuensis Ashmead is a dominant endoparasitoid of aphids, such as Myzus persicae and Sitobion avenae, and plays an important role in controlling aphids in various habitats, including tobacco plants and wheat in China. A. gifuensis has been successfully applied for the biological control of aphids, especially M. persicae, in green houses and fields in China. The corresponding parasites, as well as its mate-searching behaviors, are subjects of considerable interest. Previous A. gifuensis transcriptome studies have relied on short-read next-generation sequencing (NGS), and the vast majority of the resulting isotigs do not represent full-length cDNA. Here, we employed a combination of NGS and single-molecule real-time (SMRT) sequencing of virgin females (VFs), mated females (MFs), virgin males (VMs), and mated males (MMs) to comprehensively study the A. gifuensis transcriptome. Behavioral responses to the aphid alarm pheromone (E-β-farnesene, EBF) as well as to A. gifuensis of the opposite sex were also studied. VMs were found to be attracted by female wasps and MFs were repelled by male wasps, whereas MMs and VFs did not respond to the opposite sex. In addition, VFs, MFs, and MMs were attracted by EBF, while VMs did not respond. According to these results, we performed a personalized differential gene expression analysis of olfactory gene sets (66 odorant receptors, 25 inotropic receptors, 16 odorant-binding proteins, and 12 chemosensory proteins) in virgin and mated A. gifuensis of both sexes, and identified 13 candidate genes whose expression levels were highly consistent with behavioral test results, suggesting potential functions for these genes in pheromone perception