Aluminium and calcium lake pigments of Lac natural dye

This work presents the physicochemical properties of the prepared lac lakes. The study revealed the stability, cytotoxicity and use of lac lake pigment as a cosmetic colorant. SEM, XRD and DSC were used to study the characteristics of the lac lakes.. The color stability of lac dye and its lakes was investigated at ambient temperature and at 45 °C, in sunlight,fluorescent light and darkness, for 3 months. Cytotoxicity on human dermal skin fibroblast cell lines was tested using MTT assay and the use of the lakes as a colorant in lip color product was studied. Different metal salts resulted in lac lakes of different shades and appearance. SEM, XRD and DSC results indicated that the morphology and structure of lac dye were changed after reacting with metal salts which support the coordination of metal ion with lac dye. The lac lakes were not cytotoxic to human dermal skin fibroblast cells (0.78-100 µg/mL). Lac lakes exhibited less alteration of color shade over acidic and basic conditions when compared with the lac dye itself. Additionally, the lake pigments displayed better color stability than lac dye and produced an orange-brown shade of lip color product. The results suggest that lac lake pigments have good potential for use as cosmetic colorant

Antioxidant Activity of Pandanus amaryllifolius Leaf and Root Extract and its Application in Topical Emulsion

Purpose: To develop Thai pandan (Pandanus amaryllifolius) as an antioxidant ingredient for topical emulsion.Methods: Dried leaf and root of P. amaryllifolius (Pandanceae) were extracted separately by maceration with either ethanol or propylene glycol. Antioxidant capacity was investigated by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picry hydrazyl radical (DPPH) and linoleic acid peroxidation method. The total phenoliccontent was measured by Folin-Ciocalteau assay. Oil-in-water topical emulsions containing the individual extracts were prepared and tested for stability.Results: Propylene glycol extract exhibited higher DPPH activity and total phenolic content than the ethanol extract while the DPPH activity of the leaf extract was higher than that of the root. The 50 % inhibition concentration (IC50) value of leaf and root extracts was 0.810 and 2.340 mg/ml, respectively. Although the antioxidant activity of the crude extracts was lower than that of standard vitamin C and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), the ethanol/propylene glycol solution extract (ethanol was reduced to50 % extract volume) showed higher inhibition (90.1 %) of linoleic acid peroxidation than 200 ppm of vitamin C (57.1 %) and BHT (71.1 %). An oil-in-water emulsion containing 3 % of the ethanol and propylene glycol extract showed creamy texture with medium viscosity and demonstrated good stability under accelerated aging test.Conclusion: The results indicate a potential for the development of P. amaryllifolius leaf extract as an antioxidant ingredient in topically applied formulations.Keywords: Pandanus amaryllifolius, Extraction, Antioxidant, Emulsion, Stability

Dichlorodioxomolybdenum(VI) complexes bearing oxygen-donor ligands as olefin epoxidation catalysts

Treatment of the solvent adduct [MoO2Cl2(THF)2] with either 2 equivalents of N,N-dimethylbenzamide (DMB) or 1 equivalent of N,N'-diethyloxamide (DEO) gave the dioxomolybdenum(vi) complexes [MoO2Cl2(DMB)2] () and [MoO2Cl2(DEO)] (). The molecular structures of and were determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Both complexes present a distorted octahedral geometry and adopt the cis-oxo, trans-Cl, cis-L configuration typical of complexes of the type [MoO2X2(L)n], with either the monodentate DMB or bidentate DEO oxygen-donor ligands occupying the equatorial positions trans to the oxo groups. The complexes were applied as homogeneous catalysts for the epoxidation of olefins, namely cis-cyclooctene (Cy), 1-octene, trans-2-octene, α-pinene and (R)-(+)-limonene, using tert-butylhydroperoxide (TBHP) as oxidant. In the epoxidation of Cy at 55 °C, the desired epoxide was the only product and turnover frequencies in the range of ca. 3150-3200 mol molMo(-1) h(-1) could be reached. The catalytic production of cyclooctene oxide was investigated in detail, varying either the reaction temperature or the cosolvent. Complexes and were also applied in liquid-liquid biphasic catalytic epoxidation reactions by using an ionic liquid of the type [C4mim][X] (C4mim = 1-n-butyl-3-methylimidazolium; X = NTf2, BF4 or PF6] as a solvent to immobilise the metal catalysts. Recycling for multiple catalytic runs was achieved without loss of activity

Antioxidant Activity of Pandanus amaryllifolius Leaf and Root Extract and its Application in Topical Emulsion

Purpose: To develop Thai pandan ( Pandanus amaryllifolius ) as an antioxidant ingredient for topical emulsion. Methods: Dried leaf and root of P. amaryllifolius ( Pandanceae ) were extracted separately by maceration with either ethanol or propylene glycol. Antioxidant capacity was investigated by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picry hydrazyl radical (DPPH) and linoleic acid peroxidation method. The total phenolic content was measured by Folin-Ciocalteau assay. Oil-in-water topical emulsions containing the individual extracts were prepared and tested for stability. Results: Propylene glycol extract exhibited higher DPPH activity and total phenolic content than the ethanol extract while the DPPH activity of the leaf extract was higher than that of the root. The 50 % inhibition concentration (IC50) value of leaf and root extracts was 0.810 and 2.340 mg/ml, respectively. Although the antioxidant activity of the crude extracts was lower than that of standard vitamin C and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), the ethanol/propylene glycol solution extract (ethanol was reduced to 50 % extract volume) showed higher inhibition (90.1 %) of linoleic acid peroxidation than 200 ppm of vitamin C (57.1 %) and BHT (71.1 %). An oil-in-water emulsion containing 3 % of the ethanol and propylene glycol extract showed creamy texture with medium viscosity and demonstrated good stability under accelerated aging test. Conclusion: The results indicate a potential for the development of P. amaryllifolius leaf extract as an antioxidant ingredient in topically applied formulations

Determination of hydrophilicâlipophilic balance value and emulsion properties of sacha inchi oil

Objective: To determine hydrophilicâlipophilic balance (HLB) value, stability of formulate emulsion and properties of sacha inchi oil. Methods: The physiochemical characteristics of sacha inchi oil were first investigated. Free radical scavenging property was studied by DPPH assay. HLB value of sacha inchi oil was experimentally determined by preparing the emulsion using emulsifiers at different HLB value. Sacha inchi oil emulsion was prepared using the obtained HLB and its stability was conducted by centrifugation, temperature cycling, and accelerated stability test. The efficiency of the prepared emulsion was clinically investigated by 15 volunteers. The primary skin irritation was performed using closed patch test. Subjective sensory assessment was evaluated by using 5-point hedonic scale method. Results: Peroxide value of sacha inchi oil was 18.40 meq O2/kg oil and acid value was 1.86 KOH/g oil. The major fatty acids are omega-3 (44%), omega-6 (35%) and omega-9 (9%). The vitamin E content was 226 mg/100 g oil. Moreover, sacha inchi oil (167 ppm) and its emulsion showed 85% and 89% DPPH inhibition, respectively. The experimental HLB value of sacha inchi oil was 8.5. The sacha inchi oil emulsion exhibited good stability after stability test. The emulsion was classified as non-irritant after tested by primary skin irritation method. The skin hydration value significantly increased from 38.59 to 45.21 (P < 0.05) after applying sacha inchi oil emulsion for 1 month and the overall product satisfaction of volunteers after use was with score of 4.2. Conclusions: This work provides information on HLB value and emulsion properties of sacha inchi oil which is useful for cosmetic and pharmaceutical application. Keywords: Sacha inchi oil, Hydrophilicâlipophilic balance value, Emulsion stability, Efficacy test, Sensory tes

Synthesis and catalytic epoxidation activity with TBHP and H \u3c inf\u3e 2 O \u3c inf\u3e 2 of dioxo-, oxoperoxo-, and oxodiperoxo molybdenum(VI) and tungsten(VI) compounds containing monodentate or bidentate phosphine oxide ligands: Crystal structures of WCl \u3c inf\u3e 2 (O) \u3c inf\u3e 2 (OPMePh \u3c inf\u3e 2 ) \u3c inf\u3e 2 , WCl \u3c inf\u3e 2 (O)(O \u3c inf\u3e 2 )(OPMePh \u3c inf\u3e 2 ) \u3c inf\u3e 2 , MoCl \u3c inf\u3e 2

The dioxo tungsten(VI) and molybdenum(VI) complexes WCl2(O) 2(OPMePh2)2, WCl2(O) 2dppmO2, and MoCl2(O)2-dppmO 2, the oxoperoxo compounds WCl2(O)(O2) (OPMePh2)2, WCl2(O)(O2)dppmO 2, and MoCl2(O)(O2)dppmO2, and the oxodiperoxo complexes, W(O)(O2)2dppmO2 and Mo(O)(O2)2dppmO2 have been prepared and characterized by IR spectroscopy, 31P NMR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and X-ray crystallography. The structural and X-ray crystallographic data of compounds WCl2(O)2(OPMePh2) 2, WCl2(O)(O2)(OPMePh2)2, MoCl2(O)2dppmO2·C4H 10O, WCl2(O)2dppmO2, Mo(O)(O 2)2dppmO2, and W(O)(O2) 2dppmO2 are also detailed. All complexes were studied as catalysts for cis-cyclooctene epoxidation in the presence of tert-butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP) or H2O2 as an oxidant. The Mo-based catalysts showed a superior reactivity over W-based catalysts in the TBHP system. On the other hand, in the H2O2 system, the W-based catalysts (accomplishing nearly 100% epoxidation of cyclooctene in 6 h) are more reactive than the Mo catalysts ( \u3c 45% under some conditions). Various solvent systems have been investigated, and ethanol is the most suitable solvent for the H2O2 system. © 2006 American Chemical Society

Synthesis, crystal structure and reactivity of Mo \u3c inf\u3e 4 O \u3c inf\u3e 6 (O \u3c inf\u3e 2 ) \u3c inf\u3e 2 (μ \u3c inf\u3e 3 -O) \u3c inf\u3e 2 {(μ \u3c inf\u3e 2 -O,μ \u3c inf\u3e 3 -OC \u3c inf\u3e 8 H \u3c inf\u3e 14 } \u3c inf\u3e 2 (OPMePh \u3c inf\u3e 2 ) \u3c inf\u3e 2 : A self-assembled tetranuclear cluster containing two peroxide and two Trans-cyclooctanediol ligands

The reaction of MoO2Cl2(OPMePh2) 2 with t-butylhydroperoxide (TBHP) in the presence of cis-cyclooctene yields the tetrameric complex Mo4O6(O2) 2(μ3-O)2{(μ2-O, μ3-OC8H14}2(OPMePh 2)2, (1). Additionally in the absence of cis-cyclooctene MoO(O2)Cl2(OPMePh2)2, MoO(O 2)2(H2O)(OPMePh2), (2), and two novel yellow compounds can be isolated depending on the quantity of TBHP used and the reaction conditions. Both the starting material MoO2Cl 2(OPMePh2)2 and tetramer 1 are capable of accomplishing the epoxidation of cis-cyclooctene as catalysts. The single crystal X-ray determined structures of complexes 1 and 2 are reported. © 2005 Springer Science+Business Media, Inc

Functional Properties of Banana Starch (Musa spp.) and Its Utilization in Cosmetics

Unripe banana fruit of Musa acuminata (Musa AAA; Hom Khieo) and Musa sapientum L. (Musa ABB; Namwa) growing in Chiang Rai (Thailand) were used for extraction. The yield of the starches was 16.88% for Hom Khieo (HK) and 22.73% for Namwa (NW) based on unripe peeled banana fruit. The amylose contents of HK and NW were 24.99% and 26.23%, respectively. The morphology of starch granules was oval shape with elongated forms for large granules and round shape for small granules. The HK and NW showed B-type crystalline structure and the crystallinities were 23.54% and 26.83%, respectively. The peak temperature of gelatinization was around 77 °C and the enthalpy change (ΔH) was 3.05 and 7.76 J/g, respectively. The HK and NW banana starches showed 1.27 ± 0.12 g/g and 1.53 ± 0.12 g/g water absorption capacity, and 1.22 ± 0.11 g/g and 1.16 ± 0.12 g/g oil absorption capacity, respectively. The swelling power of the banana starches was 17.23 ± 0.94 g/g and 15.90 ± 0.15 g/g, respectively, and the percentage of solubility in water showed 26.43 ± 2.50 g/g and 20.54 ± 0.94 g/g, respectively. The banana starches showed very poor flow character. The HK and NW starches have the potential to be used in powder base preparations with no effect on the sensory texture of the product at 15% w/w maximum

Sodium Carboxymethyl Chitosan as a Fixative for Eau de Cologne

Purpose: To study the characteristics of sodium carboxymethyl chitosan (SCM-chitosan) as a fixative for eau de cologne product. Methods: SCM-chitosan was prepared by carboxymethylation reaction of chitosan with monochloroacetic acid. The solubility of SCM-chitosan was investigated in water and ethanol. Sixteen perfume compounds which consisted of four chemical types - alcohols, ketones, aldehydes and ethers - were selected for eau de cologne preparation. The turbidity of the products prepared was monitored over 21-day aging period. Those showing no turbidity were selected for fixative studies with SCM-chitosan. The fixative effect of SCM-chitosan was evaluated by head space gas chromatography at different temperatures (25, 35 and 53 °C). Results: The prepared SCM-chitosan was soluble in water but insoluble in ethanol. The optimum ratio between water and ethanol that could completely dissolve 0.1 % SCM-chitosan was 2:3 v/v. SCM-chitosan showed significant fixative effect (3.9 - 92.2 %) on p-cresyl methyl ether (10 % in dipropyleneglycol). Fixative efficiency increased from 3.9 % at 25°C to 42.1 % at 35 °C and 92.2 % at 53 °C. However, products containing benzyl alcohol, ethyl acetoacetate and 94085 floral-fruity showed precipitation after 21 days. Conclusion: The results obtained indicate that SCM-chitosan could be used as a potential fixative for eau de cologne products

Crystal structures of MoCl \u3c inf\u3e 2 (O)(O \u3c inf\u3e 2 )(OPMePh \u3c inf\u3e 2 ) \u3c inf\u3e 2 and mixtures of MoCl \u3c inf\u3e 2 (O \u3c inf\u3e 2 ) (OPPh \u3c inf\u3e 3 ) \u3c inf\u3e 2 and MoCl \u3c inf\u3e 2 (O)(O \u3c inf\u3e 2 )(OPPh \u3c inf\u3e 3 ) \u3c inf\u3e 2 : Allylic alcohol isomerization studies using MoCl \u3c inf\u3e 2 (O)(O \u3c inf\u3e 2 )(OPMePh \u3c inf\u3e 2 ) \u3c inf\u3e 2

Adding one equivalent of H2O2 to compounds of stoichiometry MoCl2(O)2(OPR3)2, OPR3 = OPMePh2 or OPPh3, leads to the formation of oxo-peroxo compounds MoCl2(O)(O2)(OPR 3)2. The compound MoCl2(O)(O 2)(OPMePh2)2 crystallized with an unequal disorder, 63%:37%, between the oxo and peroxo ligands, as verified by single-crystal X-ray diffractometry, and can be isolated in reasonable yields. MoCl2(O)(O2)(OPPh3)2, was not isolated in pure form, co-crystallized with MoCl2(O) 2(OPPh3)2 in two ratios, 18%:82% and 12%:88%, respectively, and did not contain any disorder in the arrangement of the oxo and peroxo groups. These complexes accomplish the isomerization of various allylic alcohols. A mechanism of this reaction has been constructed based on 18O isotopic studies and involves exchange between the alcohol and metal bonded O atoms. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved