Nutrient concentrations, in vitro digestibility and rumen fermentation of agro-industrial residues of Cannabis sativa L. as a potential forage source for ruminants

Este estudio tuvo como objetivo determinar la concentración de PC, EE, CNS, fibras, CFT, TC, CBD, THC, digestibilidad in vitro de materia seca y parámetros de fermentación ruminal de residuos agroindustriales de Cannabis sativa L. de dos procesos extractivos de cannabinoides, como fuente potencial de forraje en la alimentación de rumiantes. La flor de Cannabis sativa se expuso al proceso de extracción por prensado en frío (CPF) y extracción alcohólica (CEA); los residuos vegetativos obtenidos después de las extracciones se compararon con la flor cruda como testigo (FCC) utilizando un diseño completamente al azar y la prueba de Tukey para la comparación de medias. Los procesos extractivos disminuyeron el EE, CFT y cannabinoides (CBD y THC). En contraste, las fibras, CNS y digestibilidad, aumentaron después de los procesos extractivos en CPF y CEA. Del mismo modo, la degradabilidad  in vitro aumentó después  de ambos procesos  extractivos  por encima del 120 %, así como el período de latencia. Además, los protozoos aumentaron con CPF, pero no se observaron cambios en CEA. Asimismo, no se observaron cambios en las bacterias celulolíticas en CPF y CEA. Sin embargo, las bacterias totales se redujeron después de ambas extracciones. Además, el N-amoníaco en las fermentaciones ruminales disminuyó con CPF y CEA, mientras que los ácidos grasos volátiles totales aumentaron. Además, la producción de gas aumentó por encima del 75 % en CPF y CEA; sin embargo, no se observaron cambios en el período de latencia. Además, la producción de metano y CO2 aumentó por encima del 80 y 60 %, respectivamente, para CPF y CEA; estos aumentos se asocian positivamente con mejoras en las fermentaciones ruminales. En conclusión, el residuo agroindustrial de Cannabis sativa L. obtenido después de los procesos extractivos analizados puede surgir como una fuente potencial de forraje en la alimentación de rumiantes.This study aimed to determine the concentration of CP, EE, NSC, fibers, TPC, CT, CBD, THC, in vitro digestibility of dry matter and rumen fermentation parameters of agroindustrial residues of Cannabis sativa L. from two extractive processes of cannabinoids, as a potential source of forage in ruminants feeding. The flower of Cannabis sativa was exposed to cold-press extraction (CPC) and alcoholic extraction (AEC) process; vegetative residues obtained after extractions were compared to raw flower as a control (RFC) using a completely randomized design and Tukey’s test for means comparison. Extractive processes decreased EE, TPC and cannabinoids (CBD and THC). Otherwise, fibers, NSC and digestibility, increased after the extractive processes in CPC and AEC. Similarly, in vitro degradability increased after both extractive processes above 120 % as well as latency period. Additionally, protozoa increased with CPC but no changes were observed in AEC. Likewise, no changes were observed in cellulolytic bacteria in CPC and AEC. However, total bacteria were reduced after both extractions. Moreover, N-ammonia in ruminal fermentations decreased with CPC and AEC whereas total volatile fatty acids increased. In addition, gas production increased above 75 % in CPC and AEC; however, no changes were observed in latency period. Furthermore, methane and CO2 production increased above 80 and 60 %, respectively for CPC and AEC; these augmentations are positively associated with improvements in the ruminal fermentations. In conclusions, the agroindustrial residue of Cannabis sativa L. obtained after the analyzed extractive processes may arise as a potential forage source in ruminants feeding

Rendimiento y valor nutricional de tres variedades de sorgo dulce cultivadas en cuatro ambientes de Durango

El sorgo dulce muestra alto rendimiento de forraje para la alimentación de rumiantes. El objetivo fue evaluar el rendimiento y calidad forrajera de tres variedades de sorgo en Durango. En 2014, se evaluaron las variedades Lico, TOM 3 y Mercedes, en la Colonia Hidalgo (CH), Campo Experimental Valle del Guadiana (CEVAG), La Soledad (LS) y La Goma (LG). El diseño experimental fue completamente aleatorio con arreglo factorial y cinco repeticiones. Se evaluó forraje verde (FV), forraje seco (FS), proteína cruda (PC), digestibilidad verdadera in vitro (DIVMS), fibra detergente neutra (FDN), fibra detergente ácida (FDA), lignina (L), celulosa (Cel), hemicelulosa (HE), valor relativo (VRF) y calidad relativa del forraje (CRF). Se observaron diferencias significativas (P≤0.01 y 0.05) entre ambientes y variedades para FV, FS, L, VRF y CRF y entre ambientes para PC, FDN, FDA, CEL, HE y DIVMS. En CEVAG, se registró el mayor rendimiento de FV (75.9 t ha-1) y FS (12.4 t ha-1). El valor más alto de PC se obtuvo en LG (10 %); mientras que la DIVMS fue alta en LS (78.2 %) y más baja en LG (63.9 %). El contenido de L fue más alto en CH (6.3 %) y LG (6.2 %); mientras que, en LS fue de 3.4 %. Exceptuando LG, en todos los ambientes se obtuvo alta calidad forrajera (CRF= 106.7 a 135.0 %). El sorgo es una opción forrajera en Durango, aunque debe cuidarse la fecha de siembra y cosecha, control de insectos, riego y fertilización para incrementar el rendimiento y calidad nutricional

Role of secondary plant metabolites on enteric methane mitigation in ruminants

The rumen microbiome plays a fundamental role in all ruminant species, it is involved in health, nutrient utilization, detoxification, and methane emissions. Methane is a greenhouse gas which is eructated in large volumes by ruminants grazing extensive grasslands in the tropical regions of the world. Enteric methane is the largest contributor to the emissions of greenhouse gases originating from animal agriculture. A large variety of plants containing secondary metabolites [essential oils (terpenoids), tannins, saponins, and flavonoids] have been evaluated as cattle feedstuffs and changes in volatile fatty acid proportions and methane synthesis in the rumen have been assessed. Alterations to the rumen microbiome may lead to changes in diversity, composition, and structure of the methanogen community. Legumes containing condensed tannins such as Leucaena leucocephala have shown a good methane mitigating effect when fed at levels of up to 30–35% of ration dry matter in cattle as a result of the effect of condensed tannins on rumen bacteria and methanogens. It has been shown that saponins disrupt themembrane of rumen protozoa, thus decreasing the numbers of both protozoa and methanogenic archaea. Trials carried out with cattle housed in respiration chambers have demonstrated the enteric methane mitigation effect in cattle and sheep of tropical legumes such as Enterolobium cyclocarpum and Samanea saman which contain saponins. Essential oils are volatile constituents of terpenoid or non-terpenoid origin which impair energy metabolism of archaea and have shown reductions of up to 26% in enteric methane emissions in ruminants. There is emerging evidence showing the potential of flavonoids as methane mitigating compounds, but more work is required in vivo to confirm preliminary findings. From the information hereby presented, it is clear that plant secondary metabolites can be a rational approach to modulate the rumen microbiome and modify its function, some species of rumen microbes improve protein and fiber degradation and reduce feed energy loss as methane in ruminants fed tropical plant species

Impact of orange essential oil on enteric methane emissions of heifers fed bermudagrass hay

In this study, the effects of orange essential oil (OEO) on the rumen fermentation, nutrient utilization, and methane (CH₄) emissions of beef heifers fed a diet of bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) were examined. In addition, in vitro and in situ experiments were conducted. The in vitro experiment consisted of three treatments: control (CTL, no OEO), OEO1 (0.25% OEO), and OEO2 (0.5% OEO). The forage to concentrate ratio was 70:30 (dry matter [DM] basis) in all treatments. No changes in pH, proportions of volatile fatty acids, and the acetate:propionate ratio were observed (P > 0.05). The addition of 0.25% OEO resulted in a reduction in CH₄ production (mL/g) relative to the control (P 0.05). In the in vivo study, six crossbred beef heifers (Bos indicus × Bos taurus), fitted with rumen cannulas, were assigned to three different treatments: no additive (CTL), 0.25% OEO (OEO1), and 0.5% OEO (OEO2) in a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square (21-day periods). Heifers were fed at 2.8% body weight. In vivo CH₄ production was measured in open-circuit respiration chambers. Reductions in gross energy consumption, apparent total tract digestibility, and rumen valerate concentration were observed for OEO2 compared to the control (P < 0.05). Additionally, decreases in CH₄ emissions (g/day; P < 0.05) and CH4 (MJ gross energy intake/day; P < 0.05) were observed in response to supplementation of 0.5% OEO as compared to the CTL treatment. Thus, supplementation of 0.5% OEO reduced CH₄ emissions (g/day) by 12% without impacting the DM intake of heifers fed bermudagrass hay as a basal ration

4to. Congreso Internacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación para la Sociedad. Memoria académica

Este volumen acoge la memoria académica de la Cuarta edición del Congreso Internacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación para la Sociedad, CITIS 2017, desarrollado entre el 29 de noviembre y el 1 de diciembre de 2017 y organizado por la Universidad Politécnica Salesiana (UPS) en su sede de Guayaquil. El Congreso ofreció un espacio para la presentación, difusión e intercambio de importantes investigaciones nacionales e internacionales ante la comunidad universitaria que se dio cita en el encuentro. El uso de herramientas tecnológicas para la gestión de los trabajos de investigación como la plataforma Open Conference Systems y la web de presentación del Congreso http://citis.blog.ups.edu.ec/, hicieron de CITIS 2017 un verdadero referente entre los congresos que se desarrollaron en el país. La preocupación de nuestra Universidad, de presentar espacios que ayuden a generar nuevos y mejores cambios en la dimensión humana y social de nuestro entorno, hace que se persiga en cada edición del evento la presentación de trabajos con calidad creciente en cuanto a su producción científica. Quienes estuvimos al frente de la organización, dejamos plasmado en estas memorias académicas el intenso y prolífico trabajo de los días de realización del Congreso Internacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación para la Sociedad al alcance de todos y todas

Microbial communities associated with the root system of wild olives (Olea europaea L. subsp. europaea var. sylvestris) are good reservoirs of bacteria with antagonistic potential against Verticillium dahliae

Wild olive trees, namely oleaster, are considered the ancestor of cultivated olive and a unexplored source of genetic variability that might contain important traits of agronomic and biotechnological interest. The longevity and genetic diversity of oleasters may have favoured selection of specific and well adapted rhizosphere microbial populations that can constitute unique reservoirs of microbial antagonists of Verticillium dahliae, the main soilborne fungal pathogen of olive worldwide. The objective of this present study was to determine the structure and diversity of bacterial communities in the rhizosphere and endosphere of oleaster from 11 havens in Cádiz and Córdoba provinces of Andalusia, southern Spain. To carry out the study we used a multiphasic approach. First, the occurrence and diversity of rhizosphere bacteria was monitored by a cultivation-independent-approach, using fluorescent terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (FT-RFLP) analyses of amplified 16S rDNA sequences. FT-RFLP patterns revealed a high heterogeneity in the composition of the sampled rhizosphere bacterial communities and suggested the existence of plant genotype-site-specific communities, with each oleaster haven being a unique reservoir of bacterial diversity. Secondly, to investigate the antagonistic potential of these root-associated bacterial populations, a total of 675 bacterial isolates obtained from oleaster rhizosphere and endosphere were screened by dual testing for inhibition of in vitro growth of the highly virulent, olive defoliating pathotype of V. dahliae. Out of 675 tested bacterial isolates, 94 (14%) showed a strong antagonistic activity against a defoliating V. dahliae pathotype. Of the antagonistic bacteria, a slightly lower proportion (12.9% of total bacteria) were inhabitant of the oleaster rhizosphere compared to that in the endosphere (16.5%). The biotechnological potential of those isolates was assessed by in vitro production of different hydrolytic enzymes, indole-1.3-acetic acid (IAA), siderophores, and antimicrobial compounds. Overall, most of bacterial antagonists (58.5 to 78.3%) showed proteolytic, lipolytic, and chitinolytic activity, and produced IAA and siderophores. Finally, analysis of the 16S rDNA gene sequence indicated that most of the 94 bacterial antagonists belong to genera Bacillus (56.4%), Pseudomonas (27.7%), and Paenibacillus (7.4%). Overall, the rhizosphere and endosphere of wild olives were proved as a good reservoir of bacteria antagonists against V. dahliae. Several of those bacteria showing high and broad antagonism potential may therefore be considered for further analyses as promising biocontrol agents against V. dahliae in olive. © 2011 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.This research was supported by grants AGL2008-00344 and HA2008-0014 from ‘Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación’ of Spain and the European Social Fund.Peer Reviewe

La señalización como determinante de la satisfacción del turista español en un territorio: el caso de Quintana Roo

This work aims to investigate the phenomenon of satisfaction experienced by tourists which is determined by the effects of the different signals that agents in a territory send to the market to be perceived by tourists during their visit. To do this, we use the method of structural equations. The results show that reputation, price, perceived quality, specific assets and the preservation of the environment are crucial determinants of satisfaction. Advertising, however, does not show a significant influence. Finally, the paper discusses key findings and professional implications and points to some possible lines of future research.Se investiga la satisfacción experimentada por el turista que es determinada por las señales que los diferentes agentes en un territorio envían al mercado. Se utiliza el método de ecuaciones estructurales. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que la reputación, el precio, la calidad percibida, los activos específicos y la preservación del medioambiente son determinantes de la satisfacción; al contrario que la publicidad, la cual no ha sido corroborada. Se comentan las implicaciones profesionales y señalan algunas posibles líneas de investigación futura