El papel del AMPc, del estrés del retículo endoplasmático y de las adipocitoquinas en el trasplante hepático

[spa] La lesión por isquemia-reperfusión (I/R) inherente al trasplante hepático (TH), es la causa principal tanto de mal funcionamiento como del fallo primario del injerto hepático. Y si esto ocurre en hígados sanos, aun son mayores los casos de mal función o fallo primario cuando el injerto es esteatósico, ya que estos hígados toleran peor que los normales la lesión por I/R. De ahí que la esteatósis sea la causa principal del mayor número de órganos considerados no aptos para el trasplante, acentuando así la problemática de la falta de injertos hepáticos para TH. Por ello, es evidente la necesidad de desarrollar estrategias protectoras para minimizar los efectos adversos de la lesión por I/R en hígados esteatósicos. Por otro lado, el precondicionamiento (PC) isquémico basado en la inducción de breves periodos de I/R, reduce la lesión por I/R asociada a TH, pero se desconocen en gran parte sus mecanismos protectores. En la presente tesis se investigó el papel del AMP cíclico, del estrés del retículo endoplasmático y de las adipocitoquinas tales como la adiponectina, la resistina y la visfatina en la lesión por I/R en injertos hepáticos esteatósicos y no esteatósicos sometidos a TH, así como su implicación en los beneficios del PC. Además se evaluaron los mecanismos de protección de estrategias farmacológicas o quirúrgicas, como el PC capaces de modular el AMPc y la adiponectina en ambos tipos de injertos. Para el desarrollo de la presente tesis, se realizaron modelos de TH singénico y alogénico. La utilidad de estrategias dirigidas a modular AMPc en el trasplante de hígados esteatósicos no se había determinado previamente. En la presente tesis se evidencian los efectos perjudiciales del AMPc en los injertos hepáticos esteatósicos y se sugiere la utilidad clínica de estrategias que bloquean la acción del AMPc (tales como la inducción del PC o inhibidores de la adenilato ciclasa), para proteger a los injertos hepáticos esteatósicos frente a la lesión por I/R asociada al trasplante. Esta protección-mediada por el oxido nítrico-reduce el estrés oxidativo, el daño celular endotelial y las disfunciones microvasculares. Los beneficios de tales estrategias sobre el metabolismo energético en injertos esteatósicos fueron independientes del oxido nítrico. Además se demostró que el TUDCA es capaz de proteger sólo a los injertos hepáticos esteatósicos mediante un mecanismo independiente del estrés del retículo endoplasmático. Los mecanismos de protección del TUDCA cursan mediante una reducción en la expresión de PPARγ, lo cual a su vez activa la vía del TLR4, específicamente la vía del TRIF para proteger a los injertos esteatósicos frente a la lesión asociada al trasplante. Asimismo se evidencia por primera vez que la visfatina no está implicada en la vulnerabilidad de los hígados esteatósicos frente a la lesión por I/R en el trasplante hepático. Además se demostró que los injertos hepáticos esteatósicos están más predispuestos a una reducción en los niveles de adiponectina y resistina al someterlos a trasplante que los no esteatósicos. Los resultados obtenidos señalan que la adiponectina aumenta los niveles de resistina y esto a su vez favorece la activación de la vía PI3K/Akt, estableciendo entonces una posible vía de señalización. El tratamiento con adiponectina o resistina protegió a los injertos esteatósicos frente a la vulnerabilidad que presentan a la lesión inducida por I/R mientras que fue ineficaz en injertos no esteatósicos. En resumen se describen estrategias farmacológicas (inhibidores del AMPc, TUDCA, agonistas del TLR4, adiponectina y resistina) que son específicas para proteger a los injertos hepáticos esteatósicos sometidos a trasplante, y se refuerza el papel del PC como una estrategia quirúrgica promisoria que puede ejercer los mismos efectos protectores que las estrategias farmacológicas propuestas. Estos hallazgos podrían contribuir a nuevas aplicaciones del PC en la práctica clínica de los TH.[eng] In this thesis the role of cyclic AMP , the endoplasmic reticulum stress and adipocytokines such as adiponectin, resistin and visfatin injury in I/R in steatotic liver grafts and non- steatotic undergoing transplantation (TH) was investigated and their involvement in the benefits of the preconditioning (PC). Besides protection mechanisms pharmacological or surgical strategies, as the PC capable of modulating cAMP and adiponectin in both types of grafts were evaluated. The usefulness of strategies to modulate cAMP in steatotic liver transplantation has not been previously determined. In this thesis the harmful effects of cAMP in steatotic liver grafts are evident and clinical utility of strategies that block the action of cAMP (such as induction of PC or inhibitors of adenylate cyclase), is suggested to protect the grafts steatotic liver injury against I/R associated with the transplant. This protection - mediated nitric oxide reduces oxidative stress, endothelial cell damage and microvascular dysfunction. The benefits of such strategies on energy metabolism in steatotic grafts were independent of nitric oxide. In addition it was shown that TUDCA is able to protect only the steatotic liver grafts by a mechanism independent of endoplasmic reticulum stress. The mechanisms of protection by reducing TUDCA enrolled in PPARγ expression, which in turn activates TLR4 pathway, specifically TRIF pathway for steatotic grafts protect against transplant-associated lesion. Also evidenced for the first time that visfatin is not involved in the vulnerability of steatotic livers against injury by I/R in liver transplantation. It was further demonstrated that steatotic liver grafts are more prone to reduction in adiponectin and resistin when subjected to non- steatotic transplant. The results indicate that adiponectin increases resistin levels and this in turn promotes activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway, then establishing a possible signaling pathway. Treatment with adiponectin or resistin steatotic grafts protected against the vulnerability of the injury induced by I / R whereas it was ineffective in not steatotic grafts. Pharmacological strategies (cAMP inhibitors, TUDCA, TLR4 agonists, adiponectin and resistin) that are specific to protect steatotic liver grafts undergoing transplantation are described in brief, and the role of the PC is reinforced as a promising surgical strategy can exercise the same protective effects proposed that pharmacological strategies. These findings could contribute to new PC applications in clinical practice of TH. In terms of clinical application, these therapies might open new avenues for steatotic liver transplantation and improve the initial conditions of donor livers with low steatosis that are available for transplantation. Such therapies could also increase the use of numerous steatotic livers currently discarded for transplantation, thus reducing the risk of death of those patients on liver transplant waiting list

Experimental Brain Death Models in Liver Transplantation

Most organs for transplantation are currently procured from brain-dead donors; however, brain death is an important risk factor in liver transplantation. In addition, to counteract the shortage of liver grafts, transplant centers accept the use of sub-optimal livers, which may show higher risk of primary non-function or initial poor function. Very few literatures exist regarding liver transplantation using brain-dead donors, or about brain death and its effects on sub-optimal grafts in such surgical situation. This chapter aims to describe the pathophysiological changes occurring in liver grafts during brain death and focuses on the strengths and limitations of experimental models used to study the effect of brain death on optimal and sub-optimal (specially steatotic) liver grafts. Depending on the use of experimental models that simulate as much as possible the surgical conditions present in clinical practice, therapeutic strategies designed in animal models could be more successfully translated to the bedside

Ischemic Preconditioning Directly or Remotely Applied on the Liver to Reduce Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in Resections and Transplantation

Ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury is an important cause of liver damage occurring during surgical procedures. In liver resection, I/R causes post-operative transaminasemia and liver function failure. In liver transplantation, I/R causes graft dysfunction, ranging from biochemical abnormalities to primary non-function of the transplanted organ. Ischemic preconditioning is a surgical strategy to reduce the severity of I/R and improve post-operative outcomes by prior exposure to a brief period of vascular occlusion directly to the target organ or remotely to a distant vascular bed. This chapter aims to discuss the different ischemic preconditioning strategies in both liver resection surgery and liver transplantation. In addition, we will describe the differences of such surgical strategies in both steatotic and non-steatotic livers in both preclinical experiments and clinical practice. Such information may be useful to guide the design of the effective ischemic preconditioning methods in the surgery of hepatic resections and liver transplantation

Current Knowledge about the Effect of Nutritional Status, Supplemented Nutrition Diet, and Gut Microbiota on Hepatic Ischemia-Reperfusion and Regeneration in Liver Surgery

Ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury is an unresolved problem in liver resection and transplantation. The preexisting nutritional status related to the gut microbial profile might contribute to primary non-function after surgery. Clinical studies evaluating artificial nutrition in liver resection are limited. The optimal nutritional regimen to support regeneration has not yet been exactly defined. However, overnutrition and specific diet factors are crucial for the nonalcoholic or nonalcoholic steatohepatitis liver diseases. Gut-derived microbial products and the activation of innate immunity system and inflammatory response, leading to exacerbation of I/R injury or impaired regeneration after resection. This review summarizes the role of starvation, supplemented nutrition diet, nutritional status, and alterations in microbiota on hepatic I/R and regeneration. We discuss the most updated effects of nutritional interventions, their ability to alter microbiota, some of the controversies, and the suitability of these interventions as potential therapeutic strategies in hepatic resection and transplantation, overall highlighting the relevance of considering the extended criteria liver grafts in the translational liver surgery.This research was supported by the Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovacion y Universidades (RTI2018-095114-B-I00) Madrid, Spain; European Union (Fondos Feder, “una manera de hacer Europa”); CERCA Program/Generalitat de Catalunya and Secretaria d’Universitats I Recerca del Departament d’Economia I Coneixement (2017 SGR-551) Barcelona, Spain

Hepatic Regeneration Under Warm or Cold Ischemia Conditions: Controversies and New Approaches

Ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) associated with hepatic resection and living related liver transplantation is an unsolved problem in clinical practice. Indeed, I/R induces damage and regenerative failure in clinical liver surgery. Signaling pathways regarding the pathophysiology of liver I/R and regeneration making clear distinction between situations of cold and warm ischemia, as well as liver regeneration with or without vascular occlusion, will be addressed. The different experimental models used to date to improve the postoperative outcomes in clinical liver surgery will be also described. Furthermore, the most updated therapeutic strategies, as well as the clinical and scientific controversies in the field, will be discussed. Such information may be useful to guide the design of better experimental models as well as the effective therapeutic strategies in liver surgery that can succeed in achieving its clinical application

New Perspectives on the Use of Sub-Optimal Donor Livers

Liver transplantation is the therapy of choice for patients with end-stage liver disease. However, a shortage of donor organs remains a major obstacle to the widespread application of liver transplantation. To overcome this problem, transplant centers have developed strategies to expand the organ donor pool, including the routine use of sub-optimal donor livers. However, these have an increased risk of initial poor function or primary non-function that may cause greater risk of morbidity in the recipient. This chapter aims to describe the pathophysiological changes that may occur in sub-optimal donor livers, focusing on viral infections, since, after transplantation, infection of the graft is almost universal and can lead to chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, and graft failure. The different experimental models as well as the clinical outcomes of the transplantation of sub-optimal donor livers with viral infections will be discussed. Such information may be useful to guide the design of better experimental models than those described to date as well as the effective use of sub-optimal livers with successful clinical application

Assessment of a New ROS1 Immunohistochemistry Clone (SP384) for the Identification of ROS1 Rearrangements in Patients with Non–Small Cell Lung Carcinoma: the ROSING Study

Introduction: The ROS1 gene rearrangement has become an important biomarker in NSCLC. The College of American Pathologists/International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer/Association for Molecular Pathology testing guidelines support the use of ROS1 immunohistochemistry (IHC) as a screening test, followed by confirmation with fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) or a molecular test in all positive results. We have evaluated a novel anti-ROS1 IHC antibody (SP384) in a large multicenter series to obtain real-world data. Methods: A total of 43 ROS1 FISH-positive and 193 ROS1 FISH-negative NSCLC samples were studied. All specimens were screened by using two antibodies (clone D4D6 from Cell Signaling Technology and clone SP384 from Ventana Medical Systems), and the different interpretation criteria were compared with break-apart FISH (Vysis). FISH-positive samples were also analyzed with next-generation sequencing (Oncomine Dx Target Test Panel, Thermo Fisher Scientific). Results: An H-score of 150 or higher or the presence of at least 70% of tumor cells with an intensity of staining of 2+ or higher by the SP384 clone was the optimal cutoff value (both with 93% sensitivity and 100% specificity). The D4D6 clone showed similar results, with an H-score of at least 100 (91% sensitivity and 100% specificity). ROS1 expression in normal lung was more frequent with use of the SP384 clone (p < 0.0001). The ezrin gene (EZR)-ROS1 variant was associated with membranous staining and an isolated green signal FISH pattern (p = 0.001 and p = 0.017, respectively). Conclusions: The new SP384 ROS1 IHC clone showed excellent sensitivity without compromising specificity, so it is another excellent analytical option for the proposed testing algorithm

4to. Congreso Internacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación para la Sociedad. Memoria académica

Este volumen acoge la memoria académica de la Cuarta edición del Congreso Internacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación para la Sociedad, CITIS 2017, desarrollado entre el 29 de noviembre y el 1 de diciembre de 2017 y organizado por la Universidad Politécnica Salesiana (UPS) en su sede de Guayaquil. El Congreso ofreció un espacio para la presentación, difusión e intercambio de importantes investigaciones nacionales e internacionales ante la comunidad universitaria que se dio cita en el encuentro. El uso de herramientas tecnológicas para la gestión de los trabajos de investigación como la plataforma Open Conference Systems y la web de presentación del Congreso http://citis.blog.ups.edu.ec/, hicieron de CITIS 2017 un verdadero referente entre los congresos que se desarrollaron en el país. La preocupación de nuestra Universidad, de presentar espacios que ayuden a generar nuevos y mejores cambios en la dimensión humana y social de nuestro entorno, hace que se persiga en cada edición del evento la presentación de trabajos con calidad creciente en cuanto a su producción científica. Quienes estuvimos al frente de la organización, dejamos plasmado en estas memorias académicas el intenso y prolífico trabajo de los días de realización del Congreso Internacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación para la Sociedad al alcance de todos y todas

Inflammasome-Mediated Inflammation in Liver Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury

Ischemia-reperfusion injury is an important cause of liver damage occurring during surgical procedures including hepatic resection and liver transplantation, and represents the main underlying cause of graft dysfunction and liver failure post-transplantation. To date, ischemia-reperfusion injury is an unsolved problem in clinical practice. In this context, inflammasome activation, recently described during ischemia-reperfusion injury, might be a potential therapeutic target to mitigate the clinical problems associated with liver transplantation and hepatic resections. The present review aims to summarize the current knowledge in inflammasome-mediated inflammation, describing the experimental models used to understand the molecular mechanisms of inflammasome in liver ischemia-reperfusion injury. In addition, a clear distinction between steatotic and non-steatotic livers and between warm and cold ischemia-reperfusion injury will be discussed. Finally, the most updated therapeutic strategies, as well as some of the scientific controversies in the field will be described. Such information may be useful to guide the design of better experimental models, as well as the effective therapeutic strategies in liver surgery and transplantation that can succeed in achieving its clinical application

Hepatic ischemia and reperfusion injury: Effects on the liver sinusoidal milieu

SummaryIschemia-reperfusion injury is an important cause of liver damage occurring during surgical procedures including hepatic resection and liver transplantation, and represents the main underlying cause of graft dysfunction post-transplantation. Cellular and biochemical processes occurring during hepatic ischemia-reperfusion are diverse and complex, and include the deregulation of the healthy phenotype of all liver cellular components. Nevertheless, a significant part of these processes are still unknown or unclear. The present review aims at summarizing the current knowledge in liver ischemia-reperfusion, but specifically focusing on liver cell phenotype and paracrine interaction deregulations. Moreover, the most updated therapeutic strategies including pharmacological, genetic and surgical interventions, as well as some of the scientific controversies in the field will be described. Finally, the importance of considering the subclinical situation of liver grafts when translating basic knowledge to the bedside is discussed