Constraints on real scalar inflation from preheating of LATTICEEASY

In this paper, we undertake a detailed study of real scalar inflation by employing LATTICEEASY simulations to investigate preheating phenomena. Generally, the scalar inflation potential with non-minimal coupling can be approximated by a quartic potential. We observe that the evolutionary behavior of this potential remains unaffected by the coupling coefficient. Furthermore, the theoretical predictions for the scalar spectral index ($n_s$) and tensor-to-scalar power ratio (r) are also independent of this coefficient. Consequently, the coefficients of this model are not constrained by Planck observations. Fortunately, the properties of preheating after inflation provide a viable approach to examine these coefficients. Through LATTICEEASY simulations, we trace the evolution of particle number density, scale factor, and energy density during the preheating process. Subsequently, we derive the parameters, such as the energy ratio ($\gamma$) and the e-folding number of preheating ($N_{pre}$), which facilitate further predictions of $n_s$ and $r$. We have successfully validated real scalar inflation model using preheating of LATTICEEASY simulations based on the analytical relationship between preheating and inflation models.Comment: 13 pages, 6 figure

Factors Influencing the Spatiotemporal Variability in the Irrigation Requirements of Winter Wheat in the North China Plain under Climate Change

The North China Plain is a major grain-producing area, but faces water scarcity, which directly threatens food security. The problem is more severe under climate change and the seasonal impact of climate change on winter wheat is different. Thus, it is of great importance to explore the spatiotemporal characteristics of irrigation requirements (IR) and the factors influencing IR in different growth periods of winter wheat, but it has not received much attention. Therefore, we used relative contribution, partial correlation and path analyses to assess the spatiotemporal characteristics of the IR and primary factors influencing the IR of winter wheat in various growing stages in the North China Plain. The results indicated that wind speed and net solar radiation showed a significant downward trend; no prominent trend was noted in IR (multiyear average, 302.3 mm). Throughout the growing season of winter wheat, IR increased gradually from the southern to northern extent of the North China Plain. The irrigation demand of winter wheat in stage P2 (green-up to heading) was the largest. Furthermore, the dominant drivers of IR in terms of spatial distribution and inter-annual variation were phenological period (Phe), effective precipitation (Pe) and relative humidity (RH); however, the degree of their effects varied across the growth stages and growing regions of winter wheat. Each factor exerted both direct and indirect effects on IR and Phe exhibited the strongest indirect effect on IR. The major factors contributing most to IR were Pe and RH in the P1 stage (sowing to green-up) and Phe, Pe and RH in the P2 and P3 (heading to maturity) stages. Pe and RH limited IR, whereas Phe promoted it. Our findings will help improve agricultural water management in the future

Organic Changes in the Brain, Sleep Loss, and Sleep Modulation With Aging: A Review

The sleep loss (SL) are one of the important diseases that endanger the health of aging individuals. This study evaluated SL in aging individuals, and explored the relationship between age and the organic changes that affect brain and sleep. The causes of SL in aging individuals and its harmful effects on them have been outlined. To enable individuals in choosing a suitable way to sleep better, we also reviewed advantages and disadvantages of the existing sleep modulation based on lifestyle habits and drug and physical stimulation. We found the former as more suitable for patients with mild SL, while the latter may fail to achieve the desired effects and may even lead to the onset of new diseases. Therefore, it is proposed to use non-invasive electrical and magnetic stimulations to improve the sleep quality in aging patients.In this review, mechanisms of the two stimulation methods have been summarized. Through analysis, it was found that magnetic stimulation can induce neuronal action potential, which makes patients twitch, and equipment noise causes discomfort in the elderly during treatment. Comparative analysis of stimulation methods revealed that transcranial electrical stimulation (tES) is a considerably safe, convenient, non-invasive, and easy to operate method with few adverse reactions, and it can be considered a potential therapeutic method for SL in aging patients