The subscapular artery and the thoracodorsal branch: an anatomical study

The motive for this research was the use of the muscles of the scapular region in transposition, transplantation and reparative surgery and the need for more detailed knowledge of the blood supply to these muscles. In addition, the subscapular arterial tree may be used as a source of microvascular grafts to replace damaged or diseased portions of arteries, particularly in the hand and forearm. The research was conducted on 60 sides of corpses of adults of both sexes. It was noticed that the subscapular artery was present in 96.7% of cases and originated laterally to the pectoralis minor muscle in 76.7% of cases. The average calibre was 5.0 mm, and in 73.2% of cases it measured between 4.0 and 5.9 mm. The average length was 18.0 mm, ranging from 10.0 to 29.9 mm (76.7%). It presented in its course important relations with the axillary nerve (69%) and with the radial nerve (82.8%). Its branches were collateral (subscapular muscle - 61.3%) and terminal (except for the circumflex scapular artery), leading to the following muscles: serratus anterior (43.9%), latissimus dorsi (27.6%), and subscapular (23.3%). The thoracodorsal artery, one of the terminal branches, most frequently showed a calibre of between 2.0 and 3.9 mm (70.3%), collateral branches in 85.0%, was mainly distributed to the subscapular muscle (36.7%) and to the serratus anterior muscle (29.0%) and had terminal branches to the following muscles: latissimus dorsi (44.1%), serratus anterior (40.5%) and the subscapular (12.5%). The serratus anterior muscle received one branch in 39.5% and two branches in 41.9%, while the latissimus dorsi muscle received one branch in 66.7% and two branches in 23.1%. (Folia Morphol 2008; 67: 58-62

Como Estudar Interações Entre Nanopartículas E Sistemas Biológicos

Although in recent years there has been an increasing amount of literature on nanotechnology and their clinical applications, it is still scarce a deep understanding of the interactions at the molecular levels between nanoparticles and cells. Studies demonstrating the underlying mechanisms of nanoparticles endocytosis, intracellular trafficking, and cellular processing are imperative to understand better how cells interact with those materials and their possible undesired effects, e.g. nanotoxicity. The rising awareness concerning nanoparticles applications and its interactions with the cellular environment is part of the new research field called Nanotoxicology. The cumulative knowledge in nanotoxicology will allow us to foresee toxic effects, establish regulations and limits for nanoparticles applications. In this work, we discuss the theoretical concepts about studying endocytosis and intracellular trafficking of nanoparticles. The nanoparticles-cell interactions are a multi-step process, which can be divided into nanoparticles' internalization, intracellular processing and triggering effects of nanomaterials on eukaryotic cells. Finally, we discuss the main techniques used to study this process: flow cytometry, use of endocytosis inhibitors and confocal microscopy.39101236124

Structural and electrochemical characterization of la2-xsrxtinio6-d

Fuel Cells, SOFCs, electrodes, structur

Evaluation of saliency tracking as an alternative for health monitoring in PMSM-drives under nonstationary conditions

This paper evaluates the capability of saliency tracking to assess the health condition of permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) drives operating under nonstationary conditions. The evaluated scheme is based on saliency tracking methods, which are associated to the accurate sensorless control of AC drives without zero speed limitations. In this work two representative saliency tracking architectures are evaluated: High Frequency (HF) injection, and PWM transient excitation. Although a monitoring approach based on HF injection was previously reported, a comparative study to evaluate the most representative saliency tracking schemes to assess health condition in drives was still missing. The aim of this work is to fill out this gap by evaluating and comparing two saliency-based monitoring schemes (one based on HF-injection and the other based on PWM transient excitation) to evaluate their performance in the presence of inter-turn winding faults. Simulation and experimental results are presented which confirm that both schemes offer excellent detection capabilities and that are suitable for drives operating under nonstationary conditions including standstill operation. Significant differences are also found for instance, PWM transient excitation offers improved accuracy since the approach is not affected by the inverter nonlinearities and is suitable for full-speed range applications. The main drawback here is complexity and the hardware requirements. Schemes based on HF-injection proved to be very simple and provide comparable results; however a good performance is only guaranteed for the zero-to-medium speed range applications which limit their applicability

Condition monitoring approach for permanent magnet synchronous motor drives based on the INFORM method

This paper proposes a monitoring scheme based on saliency tracking to assess the health condition of PMSM drives operating under non stationary conditions. The evaluated scheme is based on the INFORM methodology, which is associated to the accurate sensorless control of PM drives without zero speed limitation. The result is a monitoring scheme that is able to detect faults that would be very difficult to evaluate under nonstationary conditions. A relevant aspect of the proposed scheme is that it remains valid for full speed range, and can be used for standstill operation. Additionally, the approach is insensitive to the inverter nonlinearities which enhance the detection capabilities further respect to similar topologies. In this work the proposed approach is evaluated numerically and experimentally in the presence of incipient winding faults and inter-turn short circuits in a PM conventional drive. The obtained results show quick response and excellent detection capabilities not only in the detection of faults, but to determine their magnitude which is vital to avoid further degradation

Probing exotic phenomena at the interface of nuclear and particle physics with the electric dipole moments of diamagnetic atoms: A unique window to hadronic and semi-leptonic CP violation

The current status of electric dipole moments of diamagnetic atoms which involves the synergy between atomic experiments and three different theoretical areas -- particle, nuclear and atomic is reviewed. Various models of particle physics that predict CP violation, which is necessary for the existence of such electric dipole moments, are presented. These include the standard model of particle physics and various extensions of it. Effective hadron level combined charge conjugation (C) and parity (P) symmetry violating interactions are derived taking into consideration different ways in which a nucleon interacts with other nucleons as well as with electrons. Nuclear structure calculations of the CP-odd nuclear Schiff moment are discussed using the shell model and other theoretical approaches. Results of the calculations of atomic electric dipole moments due to the interaction of the nuclear Schiff moment with the electrons and the P and time-reversal (T) symmetry violating tensor-pseudotensor electron-nucleus are elucidated using different relativistic many-body theories. The principles of the measurement of the electric dipole moments of diamagnetic atoms are outlined. Upper limits for the nuclear Schiff moment and tensor-pseudotensor coupling constant are obtained combining the results of atomic experiments and relativistic many-body theories. The coefficients for the different sources of CP violation have been estimated at the elementary particle level for all the diamagnetic atoms of current experimental interest and their implications for physics beyond the standard model is discussed. Possible improvements of the current results of the measurements as well as quantum chromodynamics, nuclear and atomic calculations are suggested.Comment: 46 pages, 19 tables and 16 figures. A review article accepted for EPJ