31 research outputs found
Particularismo polĂtico alrededor del mundo
(Disponible en idioma inglĂ©s Ășnicamente) En este trabajo se presenta un nuevo conjunto de datos sobre sistemas electorales y se bosqueja sus usos potenciales en nuevas investigaciones sobre las conexiones entre los sistemas electorales y los resultados econĂłmicos. El conjunto de datos brinda indicadores del grado al que polĂticos individuales pueden promover sus carreras apelando, por un lado, a grupos de electores de zonas geogrĂĄficas reducidas o a simpatizantes de su partido por el otro.
Political Institutions and Growth Collapses
This paper tests whether Rodrik`s (1999) results that institutions for conflict management are associated with the ability to react to economic shocks are robust to different ways of defining the quality of such institutions. We measure the quality of conflict management institutions with two different indices. The first is an index of political constraints on the ability of the executive to impose its will. These constraints limit the ability of the government to arbitrarily change the rules of the game and therefore may reduce redistributive struggles. The second index measures the degree of political particularism. We define political particularism as the policymakers` ability to further their career by catering to narrow interests rather than broader national platforms. The indices used in this paper solve the endogeneity and subjectivity biases that affect Rodrik`s measure of institutional quality. We find strong support for the idea that high levels of political constraints and intermediate levels of political particularism are associated with a quick recovery from economic shocks.
Photochemically produced SO2 in the atmosphere of WASP-39b
Photochemistry is a fundamental process of planetary atmospheres that regulates the atmospheric composition and stability1. However, no unambiguous photochemical products have been detected in exoplanet atmospheres so far. Recent observations from the JWST Transiting Exoplanet Community Early Release Science Program2,3 found a spectral absorption feature at 4.05âÎŒm arising from sulfur dioxide (SO2) in the atmosphere of WASP-39b. WASP-39b is a 1.27-Jupiter-radii, Saturn-mass (0.28âMJ) gas giant exoplanet orbiting a Sun-like star with an equilibrium temperature of around 1,100âK (ref.â4). The most plausible way of generating SO2 in such an atmosphere is through photochemical processes5,6. Here we show that the SO2 distribution computed by a suite of photochemical models robustly explains the 4.05-ÎŒm spectral feature identified by JWST transmission observations7 with NIRSpec PRISM (2.7Ï)8 and G395H (4.5Ï)9. SO2 is produced by successive oxidation of sulfur radicals freed when hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is destroyed. The sensitivity of the SO2 feature to the enrichment of the atmosphere by heavy elements (metallicity) suggests that it can be used as a tracer of atmospheric properties, with WASP-39b exhibiting an inferred metallicity of about 10Ă solar. We further point out that SO2 also shows observable features at ultraviolet and thermal infrared wavelengths not available from the existing observations
Photochemically-produced SO in the atmosphere of WASP-39b
Photochemistry is a fundamental process of planetary atmospheres that
regulates the atmospheric composition and stability. However, no unambiguous
photochemical products have been detected in exoplanet atmospheres to date.
Recent observations from the JWST Transiting Exoplanet Early Release Science
Program found a spectral absorption feature at 4.05 m arising from SO
in the atmosphere of WASP-39b. WASP-39b is a 1.27-Jupiter-radii, Saturn-mass
(0.28 M) gas giant exoplanet orbiting a Sun-like star with an equilibrium
temperature of 1100 K. The most plausible way of generating SO in
such an atmosphere is through photochemical processes. Here we show that the
SO distribution computed by a suite of photochemical models robustly
explains the 4.05 m spectral feature identified by JWST transmission
observations with NIRSpec PRISM (2.7) and G395H (4.5). SO
is produced by successive oxidation of sulphur radicals freed when hydrogen
sulphide (HS) is destroyed. The sensitivity of the SO feature to the
enrichment of the atmosphere by heavy elements (metallicity) suggests that it
can be used as a tracer of atmospheric properties, with WASP-39b exhibiting an
inferred metallicity of 10 solar. We further point out that
SO also shows observable features at ultraviolet and thermal infrared
wavelengths not available from the existing observations.Comment: 39 pages, 14 figures, accepted to be published in Natur
Early Release Science of the Exoplanet WASP-39b with JWST NIRSpec G395H
Measuring the abundances of carbon and oxygen in exoplanet atmospheres is
considered a crucial avenue for unlocking the formation and evolution of
exoplanetary systems. Access to an exoplanet's chemical inventory requires
high-precision observations, often inferred from individual molecular
detections with low-resolution space-based and high-resolution ground-based
facilities. Here we report the medium-resolution (R600) transmission
spectrum of an exoplanet atmosphere between 3-5 m covering multiple
absorption features for the Saturn-mass exoplanet WASP-39b, obtained with JWST
NIRSpec G395H. Our observations achieve 1.46x photon precision, providing an
average transit depth uncertainty of 221 ppm per spectroscopic bin, and present
minimal impacts from systematic effects. We detect significant absorption from
CO (28.5) and HO (21.5), and identify SO as the
source of absorption at 4.1 m (4.8). Best-fit atmospheric models
range between 3 and 10x solar metallicity, with sub-solar to solar C/O ratios.
These results, including the detection of SO, underscore the importance of
characterising the chemistry in exoplanet atmospheres, and showcase NIRSpec
G395H as an excellent mode for time series observations over this critical
wavelength range.Comment: 44 pages, 11 figures, 3 tables. Resubmitted after revision to Natur
Identification of carbon dioxide in an exoplanet atmosphere
Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a key chemical species that is found in a wide range of planetary atmospheres. In the context of exoplanets, CO2 is an indicator of the metal enrichment (that is, elements heavier than helium, also called âmetallicityâ), and thus the formation processes of the primary atmospheres of hot gas giants. It is also one of the most promising species to detect in the secondary atmospheres of terrestrial exoplanets. Previous photometric measurements of transiting planets with the Spitzer Space Telescope have given hints of the presence of CO2, but have not yielded definitive detections owing to the lack of unambiguous spectroscopic identification. Here we present the detection of CO2 in the atmosphere of the gas giant exoplanet WASP-39b from transmission spectroscopy observations obtained with JWST as part of the Early Release Science programme. The data used in this study span 3.0â5.5âmicrometres in wavelength and show a prominent CO2 absorption feature at 4.3âmicrometres (26-sigma significance). The overall spectrum is well matched by one-dimensional, ten-times solar metallicity models that assume radiativeâconvectiveâthermochemical equilibrium and have moderate cloud opacity. These models predict that the atmosphere should have water, carbon monoxide and hydrogen sulfide in addition to CO2, but little methane. Furthermore, we also tentatively detect a small absorption feature near 4.0âmicrometres that is not reproduced by these models
Local-Global: Reconciling Mismatched Ontologies in Development Information Systems
This paper extends pre-existing digital divide
conceptualizations to further investigate the
important issue of mismatches between the ontologies
of state-created information systems and local
communities??? representation of their contexts.
Comparability of data across time and place, as well
as compatibility of data with state administrative
needs come at a cost of information loss about the
setting and individuals that policymakers are trying
to impact. We argue that the reconciliation of
community and state logics and framings is critical
for effective engagement with communities as well as
formulation and implementation of development
policies. We suggest several paths toward
overcoming mismatched ontologies: education and
communications strategies to enable communities
and states to translate across ontologies and fill in
significant gaps; re-assignment of policy
responsibilities to minimize information loss; and
several mechanisms that would enable communities
to be directly and productively engaged in developing
shared ontologies
Bridging Discourses: Exploring the Relationship between Information Technologies and International Development
The panel will bring together scholars of information with training in computer science, economics, cultural studies, and the interdisciplinary social sciences to explicitly probe into the relationships held between information and technology initiatives and international development studies. The scholars presenting are leading voices conducting global applied research that concurrently consider social, cultural, economic, and technological factors. We believe that this interdisciplinary set of short presentations can stimulate an important dialogue related to the emergent relationships held between information and the over 70% of the world that still lacks routinized access to digital technologies and the internet