The internal protection alternative and its relation to refugee status

One of the characteristics of today’s practice of refugee law is the flourishing of policies and practices designed to deflect claimants towards alternative places of protection. This chapter addresses one dimension of the ‘protection elsewhere’ dynamic: the application of the ‘internal protection alternative’ (IPA) to deny refugee status to persons whose risk of persecution is present in only part of a country. The IPA permits removal of refugee claimants to their home state even if they cannot safely return to their former residence. Despite widespread acceptance among state parties to the Refugee Convention of an IPA limit, debate persists regarding the treaty basis for IPA practice and, as a consequence, its operational parameters. The focus of UNHCR guidance, and most academic commentary, has been on establishing safeguards rather than contesting the legality of IPA practice itself. This chapter, in contrast, critically considers how the IPA relates to the requirements for refugee status contained in the 1951 Refugee Convention (Convention) and its 1967 Protocol.submittedVersio

The European Court of Human Rights and Internal Relocation: An Unduly Harsh Standard?

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Non-Religious Employee\u27s Perceptions of Microaggressions and Their Relationship with Job Satisfaction as Moderated by Calling

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships between microaggressions, person-organization fit (P-O fit), job satisfaction, and calling in non-religious individuals. Established research demonstrates that job satisfaction is predicted by P-O fit (Dawis, 2005). Research with minority groups has found that microaggressions are negatively related to P-O fit and job satisfaction (Lyons, Velez, Mehta, & Neil, 2014). However, research has yet to examine these interactions with a non-religious population. Previous investigations have found that calling is positively correlated with both P-O fit and job satisfaction (Duffy & Dik, 2013; Duffy, Allan, & Dik, 2011; Hirschi, 2012), suggesting the presence of a calling may mitigate the negative effects of microaggressions on these variables. It was predicted that P-O fit would mediate the relationship between microaggressions and job satisfaction and calling would moderate the relationship between microaggressions and P-O fit. To examine these relationships, participants were solicited through online communities for non-religious individuals. Results revealed that microaggressions predicted job satisfaction while calling predicted P-O fit and job satisfaction. Contrary to previous findings, microaggressions were not significantly related to P-O fit. Thus, P-O fit did not mediate the relationship between microaggressions and job satisfaction. Additionally, calling did not moderate the relationship between microaggressions and P-O fit. Post-hoc analyses revealed that calling was a significant moderator between microaggressions and job satisfaction. Findings expand research on the growing minority of non-religious individuals and contribute to the body of research in calling and offer additional guidance to vocational counselors working with non-religious individuals

Development of Ectogenesis: How Will Artificial Wombs Affect the Legal Status of a Fetus or Embryo?

Scientists are currently attempting to create an artificula womb which would allow fetal development to occur independent of a woman\u27s womb. This note analyzes legal questions which would emerge with this new technology, including how artificial wombs would affect the interests of the father and the state in the fetus; whether contracts involving artificial wombs would be enforceable; and what type of liability issues would arise due to artificial womb use. Finally, the note proposes answers for these questions and concludes that the development of artificial wombs will likely complicate rather than resolve issues surrounding reproductive rights and the legal status of an embryo or fetus

The Effect of Reading and Social Studies Integration on Content Knowledge and Vocabulary

The purpose of this study was to determine if the integration of reading in the content area would improve students\u27 vocabulary and content knowledge test scores. The belief of content area literacy is that students learn with text, not from them. An interaction with text provides opportunities for students to enhance their own mental models of the material. This research report reveals the positive effects of teaching reading skills in all curricular areas, and it emphasizes the benefits of immersing students with literature in science, social studies and math, as well as language arts. The researcher compared two fifth grade classes in the areas of vocabulary and content knowledge, after one class had five weeks of social studies content integrated with language arts. Following the five weeks, both classes took the New York State Document Based Questions test in social studies. Although the scores did not show improvement on this particular test, the depth of understanding on the topic was enhanced. The research report concludes with implications for further research, and ideas for practical use of content area reading in the classroom

Development of Ectogenesis: How Will Artificial Wombs Affect the Legal Status of a Fetus or Embryo?

Scientists are currently attempting to create an artificula womb which would allow fetal development to occur independent of a woman\u27s womb. This note analyzes legal questions which would emerge with this new technology, including how artificial wombs would affect the interests of the father and the state in the fetus; whether contracts involving artificial wombs would be enforceable; and what type of liability issues would arise due to artificial womb use. Finally, the note proposes answers for these questions and concludes that the development of artificial wombs will likely complicate rather than resolve issues surrounding reproductive rights and the legal status of an embryo or fetus

Temporal governance, protection elsewhere and the ‘good’ refugee:: a study of the shrinking scope of asylum within the UK

In recent years European countries have introduced increasingly temporary terms of asylum for people with a recognized need for protection. This study traces the temporary turn in the UK, where asylum policies have traditionally focused more on preventing new arrivals than on limiting the rights of people with refugee status.   Refugees in the UK experience insecurity of status stemming from the broader ‘hostile environment’ aimed at ‘bogus’ asylum seekers and irregularised migrants. Infractions such as illegal entry and unauthorized labour can sabotage efforts to secure permanent residence years down the line. Refugees are also subject to specific policies, including safe return reviews, after a probationary period of residence is over. Application of the internal relocation principle and broad inadmissibility criteria mean that refugees may be ‘returned’ to unfamiliar areas of their home country or third countries to which they have no meaningful ties. Finally, this study highlighted barriers to citizenship, including the ‘good character’ requirement, that affect refugees in particular ways. The New Plan for Immigration, along with the measures to implement it proposed in the Nationality and Borders Bill, would punish refugees who arrive seeking asylum by imposing a longer path to settlement and denying them public support. These policies collapse the temporal and spatial dimensions of border control, subjecting ‘inadmissible’ refugees resident in the UK to prolonged temporary status and violating their rights under international refugee law

The Right to Refugee Status and the Internal Protection Alternative: What Does the Law Say?

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Identifying areas of high conservation value in Howe Sound to strengthen regional marine spatial planning

Marine spatial planning is a crucial step in the transition toward ecosystem-based management. It allows multiple users to co-manage marine spaces, minimizes user conflict, and informs marine conservation strategies. Spatial planning tools, such as web-based interactive maps, are especially useful in regions with complex and overlapping jurisdictions, where understanding processes outside of district boundaries can be both critical and difficult to achieve. Howe Sound/Atl’kitsem is one such region. The area is a fjord adjacent to Metro Vancouver and is within the traditional territory of the Squamish First Nation. Additionally, Howe Sound is governed by three regional districts, five municipalities, and the Islands Trust. Over the last decade, Howe Sound/Atl’kitsem’s marine environment has shown signs of recovery from its industrial past that had devastating effects on its ecosystems. This revival has prompted coordinated marine planning and conservation initiatives to help recover the region’s environmental health. To support these efforts, the Coastal Ocean Research Institute, David Suzuki Foundation, and Squamish First Nation are collaborating to map areas of high conservation value in Howe Sound/Atl\u27kitsem. To achieve this, we collated existing marine ecosystem and human use data (e.g. culturally important areas). We then conducted interviews and field-trips around Howe Sound to characterize values (e.g. cultural, economic, conservation) that individuals associate with specific marine areas. After producing an initial map, we will conduct workshops to verify the data layers’ accuracy. Once high value conservation areas are identified we will assess available regulatory options for protecting key values. The outcomes of this initiative will contribute to ongoing efforts to conserve marine habitats in Howe Sound/Atl’kitsem. Additionally, our work will support marine conservation in other regions with complex jurisdictional structures and multiple stakeholders. Overall, our project will contribute to spatial marine planning, ecosystem-based management, and education campaigns for marine habitats in Howe Sound/Atl\u27kitsem and beyond