Children and Parental Barriers to Active Commuting to School: A Comparison Study

The main objectives of this study were: to compare the barriers to active commuting to and from school (ACS) between children and their parents separately for children and adolescents; and to analyze the association between ACS and the children’s and parents’ barriers. A total of 401 child–parent pairs, from Granada, Jaén, Toledo and Valencia, self-reported, separately, their mode of commuting to school and work, respectively, and the children’s barriers to ACS. T-tests and chi-square tests were used to analyze the differences by age for continuous and categorical variables, respectively. Binary logistic regressions were performed to study the association between ACS barriers of children and parents and ACS. Both children and adolescents perceived higher physical and motivational barriers and social support barriers towards ACS than their parents (all p < 0.05). Additionally, the parents perceived higher distance, traffic safety, convenience, built environment, crime-related safety and weather as barriers towards ACS, than their children (all p < 0.05). Moreover, a higher perception of barriers was related to lower ACS. The results of our study showed the necessity of attenuating the perceptions of children and their parents in order to increase ACS. This is relevant to develop interventions in the specific contexts of each barrier and involving both populations.Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry and CompetitivenessEuropean Commission DEP2016-75598-RUniversity of Granada, Plan Propio de Investigacion 2016, Excellence actions: Units of ExcellenceUnit of Excellence on Exercise and Health (UCEES)Junta de AndalucíaEuropean CommissionEuropean Social Fund (ESF

Medio ambiente social y conductas alimentarias de riesgo: una exploración en mujeres adolescentes en México

Los objetivos de este trabajo fueron explorar: (1) la asociación entre medio ambiente social a niveles municipal y familiar, y conductas alimentarias de riesgo, en mujeres adolescentes; y (2) la interacción entre medio ambiente social y cultural e índice de masa corporal (IMC). La información se obtuvo de una encuesta representativa de las estudiantes de preparatoria en el Estado de México, México (15-19 años). Se aplicó un cuestionario para conductas alimentarias de riesgo y datos sociodemográficos. Se evaluó el medio ambiente social y cultural municipal mediante el índice de marginación del municipio. El análisis se hizo mediante regresión multinivel. La prevalencia de conductas alimentarias de riesgo fue 4,23%. El IMC y el nivel socioeconómico familiar se asociaron directamente con conductas alimentarias de riesgo. El índice de marginación municipal no se asoció con conductas alimentarias de riesgo. Esto puede deberse a que no se midieron los componentes relevantes del medio ambiente social y cultural, o a que el nivel municipal no ejerza un efecto contextual sobre conductas alimentarias de riesgo. El efecto del IMC sobre conductas alimentarias de riesgo fue mayor en municipios más marginados

Convergent Validation of a Self-Reported Commuting to and from School Diary in Spanish Adolescents

The aim of this study was to examine the convergent validity of self-reported diary times for commuting to and from school with device-measured positional data (Global Positioning System; GPS) in Spanish adolescents. Methods: Cross-sectional data were obtained from four Spanish public secondary schools in 2021, comprising 47 adolescents and 141 home-school and school-home trips. Participants self-reported the time they left and arrived at home and school through a commuting diary. They wore a GPS device recording the objective time during three trips (i.e., one home-school trip and two school-home trips). Agreement between commuting diary and GPS data regarding home-school trips and school-home trips was evaluated using Bland-Altman plots. Results: Total commuting time differed by 1 min (95% limits of agreement were 16.1 min and -18.1 min) between subjective and objective measures (adolescents reported 0.8 more minutes in home-school trips and 1 more minute in school-home trips compared to objective data). Passive commuters reported 0.7 more minutes and active commuters reported 1.2 more minutes in the total commuting time compared to objective data. Conclusions: Self-reported commuting diaries may be a useful tool to obtain commuting times of adolescents in epidemiological research or when tools to measure objective times are not feasible.Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness and the European Regional Development Fund (DEP2016-75598-R, MINECO/FEDER, UE)Spanish Ministry of Education and Vocational Training (FPU17/03934, FPU18/04251)University of Granada, Plan Propio de Investigación 2016, Excellence actions: Units of Excellence, Unit of Excellence on Exercise and Health (UCEES)Junta de Andalucía, Consejería de Conocimiento, Investigación y Universidades, European Regional Development Fund (ERDF), ref. SOMM17/6107/UGRInstituto de Salud Carlos III through the fellowship CP20/00178 European Social Fun

The Effect of a School-Based Intervention on Children’s Cycling Knowledge, Mode of Commuting and Perceived Barriers: A Randomized Controlled Trial

The low rates of active commuting to/from school in Spain, especially by bike, and the wide range of cycling interventions in the literature show that this is a necessary research subject. The aims of this study were: (1) to assess the feasibility of a school-based cycling intervention program for adolescents, (2) to analyse the effectiveness of a school-based cycling intervention program on the rates of cycling and other forms of active commuting to/from school (ACS), and perceived barriers to active commuting in adolescents. A total of 122 adolescents from Granada, Jaén and Valencia (Spain) participated in the study. The cycling intervention group participated in a school-based intervention program to promote cycling to school during Physical Education (PE) sessions in order to analyse the changes in the dependent variables at baseline and follow up of the intervention. Wilcoxon, Signs and McNemar tests were undertaken. The association of the intervention program with commuting behaviour, and perceived barriers to commuting, were analysed by binary logistic regression. There were improvements in knowledge at follow-up and the cycling skill scores were medium-low. The rates of cycling to school and active commuting to/from school did not change, and only the “built environment (walk)” barrier increased in the cycling group at follow-up. School-based interventions may be feasibly effective tools to increase ACS behaviour, but it is necessary to implement a longer period and continue testing further school-based cycling interventions.Spanish GovernmentEuropean Commission DEP2016-75598-RUniversity of Granada, Plan Propio de Investigacion 2016, Excellence actions: Units of Excellence; Unit of Excellence on Exercise and Health (UCEES)Junta de AndaluciaEuropean Regional Development Fund (ERDF), "R&D research staff contract, within the framework of the Spanish National Youth Guarantee" - Junta de AndaluciaEuropean Social Fund (ESF)Spanish Government FPU18/04251 FPU17/0393

Production of biologically active human lymphotactin (XCL1) by Lactococcus lactis

Lymphotactin-XCL1 is a chemokine produced mainly by activated CD8? T-cells and directs migration of CD4? and CD8? lymphocytes and natural killer (NK) cells. We expressed human lymphotactin (LTN) by the lactic-acid bacterium Lactococcus lactis. Biological activity of LTN was confirmed by chemo-attraction of human T-cells by chemotaxis demonstrating, for the first time, how this chemokine secreted by a food-grade prokaryote retains biological activity and chemoattracts T lymphocytes. This strain thus represents a feasible well-tolerated vector to deliver active LTN at a mucosal level

Usporedba dviju vrsta smola za pečaćenje fisura i jamica u smanjenju incidencije zubnog karijesa primjenom dizajna podijeljenih usta

Objectives: To evaluate the effectiveness of two pit and fissure sealants (PFS) in reducing the incidence of dental caries in schoolchildren. Material and Methods: A randomized split-mouth experimental design was used in a sample of 140 subjects assigned to two groups. The sealants used were Clinpro©3M and BeautiSealant©Shofu placed in first permanent molars (FPMs). Each sealant was compared to molars in the controls to determine effectiveness over a period of 6 months. The study had a 12.9% loss to follow-up. No statistically significant differences (p>0.05) were observed for sex, age, baseline dmft, or type of sealants. Nonparametric tests were used for statistical analysis. Results: Average dmft index at baseline was 4.10±3.16. Lower incidence of caries was observed in FPMs with pit and fissure sealants (p 0,05) za spol, dob, početni DMFT ili vrstu smole. Za statističku analizu upotrijebljeni su neparametrijski testovi. Rezultati : Prosječni DMFT indeks bio je na početku 4,10 ± 3,16. Manja incidencija karijesa zabilježena je na zapečaćenim prvim trajnim kutnjacima (p < 0,01), bez obzira na vrstu smole. Kada su smole ostale intaktne, incidencija karijesa bila je manja u usporedbi s djelomično ili potpuno nestalim pečatima, no razlika je bila statistički značajna samo za prve trajne kutnjake 16. Incidencija karijesa bila je veća kod zuba zapečaćenih smolom BeautiSealant u usporedbi sa smolom Clinpro, ali je statistički značajna bila samo kod prvih trajnih kutnjaka 16, 36 i 46 (p < 0,05). Incidencija karijesa bila je veća u slučajevima s višim početnim DMFT-om, ali je statistički značajna samo za prve trajne kutnjake 26 i 36. Relativni rizik od karijesa bio je niži kod zapečaćenih zuba (p < 0,01). Zaključak: Smole za pečaćenje fisura i jamica učinkovite su u prevenciji karijesa tijekom šestomjesečnog razdoblja praćenja školske djece od 6 do 8 godina, bez obzira na vrstu smole. Smola s većom učinkovitošću, kad je riječ o prevenciji i retenciji, bio je Clinpro © 3M

Active commuting to school and associated health indicators: evaluation protocol of the PACO study Cycle and Walk to School and its implementation in secondary school

El presente estudio ha sido financiado por el Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad del Gobierno de España y el Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (DEP2016- 75598-R, MINECO/FEDER, UE). Se recibe una ayuda del Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovacioìn y Universidades del Gobierno de EspanÞa (FPU17/03934; FPU18/04251). Además, este estudio ha sido parcialmente financiado por la Universidad de Granada, Plan Propio de Investigación 2016, Acciones de excelencia: Unidades de excelencia; Unidad de Excelencia en Ejercicio y Salud (UCEES), y por la Junta de Andalucía, Consejería de Conocimiento, Investigación y Universidades, Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER), ref. SOMM17 / 6107 / UGR.Es fundamental elaborar un protocolo de evaluación para garantizar rigor y homogeneidad en cualquier estudio de investigación. Asimismo, se requieren consideraciones específicas si la investigación se desarrolla en contexto educativo y en diferentes centros educativos. Este trabajo tiene como objetivo describir el protocolo de evaluación del estudio de investigación titulado: Estudio PACO “Pedalea y Anda al Colegio”. Además, se aportan recomendaciones globales y aplicaciones prácticas en el contexto educativo. El principal objetivo del estudio PACO es fomentar el comportamiento de desplazamiento activo entre estudiantes de Educación Secundaria Obligatoria para mejorar los niveles de actividad física y otros indicadores de salud asociados. Por ello, el protocolo de evaluación incluye la metodología e instrumentos específicos para evaluar en los adolescentes variables como: 1) modo de desplazamiento al centro educativo y otros factores psicosociales asociados a dicho desplazamiento mediante el cuestionario PACO alumnos, 2) barreras familiares para el desplazamiento activo al centro educativo mediante el cuestionario PACO familias, 3) características antropométricas (peso, talla, perímetro de cintura y de cuello), 4) niveles de actividad física y gasto energético evaluados mediante acelererometría y 5) características de la ruta real casa-colegio registradas mediante Sistema de Posicionamiento Global. La transparencia en la metodología y logística necesaria para evaluar dichas variables en contexto educativo, es la clave para garantizar el rigor y la homogeneidad en futuras implementaciones, ya sean estas realizadas por investigadores o docentes. Finalmente, los datos obtenidos, serán fiables y relevantes para implementar estrategias educativas que fomenten la salud integral de los adolescentes.It is essential to develop an evaluation protocol to develop rigor and homogeneity in any research study. Likewise, some considerations are specifically needed if the research is carried out in an educational context and in different schools. This work aims to describe y the evaluation protocol of the research study entitled: PACO Study “Cycle and Walk to School”. In addition, it provides global recommendations and practical applications in the educational context. The main objective of the PACO Study is to promote the behaviour of active commuting among students of Compulsory Secondary Education to improve their physical activity levels and other associated health indicators. For this reason, the evaluation protocol includes the specific methodology and instruments for evaluating variables such as: 1) mode of commuting to school and other psychosocial factors associated with active commuting through the PACO student questionnaire, 2) family barriers to active commuting to school through the PACO families questionnaire, 3) anthropometric characteristics (weight, height, waist and neck circumference), 4) levels of physical activity and energy expenditure evaluated by accelerometry and 5) characteristics of the real home-school route through a Global Positioning System. The transparency in the methodology and logistic necessary to evaluate the variables in the educational context is key to evaluate the rigor and homogeneity in future implementations, whether they are carried out by researchers or teachers. Finally, the obtained data will be reliable and relevant to implement educational strategies in order to promote an integral health of the adolescents.Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad del Gobierno de España y el Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (DEP2016- 75598-R, MINECO/FEDER, UE)Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovacioìn y Universidades del Gobierno de España (FPU17/03934; FPU18/04251).Universidad de Granada Plan Propio de Investigación 2016, Acciones de excelencia: Unidades de excelencia; Unidad de Excelencia en Ejercicio y Salud (UCEES)Junta de Andalucía, Consejería de Conocimiento, Investigación y Universidades, Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER), ref. SOMM17 / 6107 / UG

Towards precision medicine: defining and characterizing adipose tissue dysfunction to identify early immunometabolic risk in symptom-free adults from the GEMM family study

Interactions between macrophages and adipocytes are early molecular factors influencing adipose tissue (AT) dysfunction, resulting in high leptin, low adiponectin circulating levels and low-grade metaflammation, leading to insulin resistance (IR) with increased cardiovascular risk. We report the characterization of AT dysfunction through measurements of the adiponectin/leptin ratio (ALR), the adipo-insulin resistance index (Adipo-IRi), fasting/postprandial (F/P) immunometabolic phenotyping and direct F/P differential gene expression in AT biopsies obtained from symptom-free adults from the GEMM family study. AT dysfunction was evaluated through associations of the ALR with F/P insulin-glucose axis, lipid-lipoprotein metabolism, and inflammatory markers. A relevant pattern of negative associations between decreased ALR and markers of systemic low-grade metaflammation, HOMA, and postprandial cardiovascular risk hyperinsulinemic, triglyceride and GLP-1 curves was found. We also analysed their plasma non-coding microRNAs and shotgun lipidomics profiles finding trends that may reflect a pattern of adipose tissue dysfunction in the fed and fasted state. Direct gene differential expression data showed initial patterns of AT molecular signatures of key immunometabolic genes involved in AT expansion, angiogenic remodelling and immune cell migration. These data reinforce the central, early role of AT dysfunction at the molecular and systemic level in the pathogenesis of IR and immunometabolic disorders