Buried Pre-Illinoian-Age Lacustrine Deposits with “Green Rust” Colors in Clermont County, Ohio

Author Institution: Bennett & Williams Environmental Consultants Inc., Columbus, OHAuthor Institution: The Ohio State University, School of Environment and Natural Resources, Columbus, OHBuried, Pre-Illinoian-age lacustrine deposits found in at least two separate bedrock valleys in Clermont County, OH, exhibit brilliant colors of “green rust” that alter rapidly when exposed to oxygen. In these settings, the materials are leached of calcium carbonate but the iron has not undergone the redoximorphic depletion typically observed in gleyed hydric soils. Water movement has been exclusively through fractures and along varved bedding planes for approximately 700,000 years, indicating that in these settings, matrix flow is not occurring. The overlying Pre-Illinoian-age Backbone Creek glacial till also exhibits gleyed coloration but these materials are not leached of calcium carbonate. These materials also oxidize when exposed to air, indicating that again, the iron is not removed from the till. A possible correlation to similar permeability properties in northwest Ohio Late-Wisconsinan-age lacustrine materials and fine-grained tills is drawn. The “green rust” provides evidence for minimal to no matrix flow in fine-grained materials and supports the Ohio Fracture Flow Working Group recommendation that water movement along fractures, varved bedding planes, through sand stringers, and along paleosol unconformities be assumed unless matrix contributions have been documented and can be confirmed in these settings

Helicobacter hepaticus, un patógeno bacteriano recientemente reconocido, asociado con hepatitis crónica y neoplasia hepatocelular en ratones de laboratorio

El carcinoma Gástrico, es uno de los cánceres humanos más frecuentes alrededor del mundo, está entre las neoplasias en que la evidencia epidemiológica de causa ambiental es mayor. La naturaleza exacta de esta causa ambiental era oscura hasta que la evidencia recientemente vinculó a la infección crónica del antrum de la mucosa gástrica por Helicobacter pylori (una bacteria microaeróbica, gram-negativa, y espiral) con riesgo elevado de cáncer. Se reconoce ahora que el linfoma de B-cell gástricas del tejido linfoide asociado a la mucosa está también estrechamente relacionando a la infección gástrica por H. pylori, y la erradicación de la infección con antibióticos puede resultar en la regresión del linfoma. Este sorprendente hallazgo ha estimulado un intenso interés en el género Helicobacter y organismos relacionado; como resultado, especies adicionales de Helicobacter son ahora frecuentemente aisladas y caracterizadas desde muchos hospedadores no-humanos. Hasta 1994, sin embargo, sólo era conocido el H. pylori como asociado con el desarrollo de tumor, en humanos o en cualquier otra especie animal.Facultad de Ciencias Veterinaria

Helicobacter hepaticus, un patógeno bacteriano recientemente reconocido, asociado con hepatitis crónica y neoplasia hepatocelular en ratones de laboratorio

El carcinoma Gástrico, es uno de los cánceres humanos más frecuentes alrededor del mundo, está entre las neoplasias en que la evidencia epidemiológica de causa ambiental es mayor. La naturaleza exacta de esta causa ambiental era oscura hasta que la evidencia recientemente vinculó a la infección crónica del antrum de la mucosa gástrica por Helicobacter pylori (una bacteria microaeróbica, gram-negativa, y espiral) con riesgo elevado de cáncer. Se reconoce ahora que el linfoma de B-cell gástricas del tejido linfoide asociado a la mucosa está también estrechamente relacionando a la infección gástrica por H. pylori, y la erradicación de la infección con antibióticos puede resultar en la regresión del linfoma. Este sorprendente hallazgo ha estimulado un intenso interés en el género Helicobacter y organismos relacionado; como resultado, especies adicionales de Helicobacter son ahora frecuentemente aisladas y caracterizadas desde muchos hospedadores no-humanos. Hasta 1994, sin embargo, sólo era conocido el H. pylori como asociado con el desarrollo de tumor, en humanos o en cualquier otra especie animal.Facultad de Ciencias Veterinaria

Helicobacter hepaticus, un patógeno bacteriano recientemente reconocido, asociado con hepatitis crónica y neoplasia hepatocelular en ratones de laboratorio

El carcinoma Gástrico, es uno de los cánceres humanos más frecuentes alrededor del mundo, está entre las neoplasias en que la evidencia epidemiológica de causa ambiental es mayor. La naturaleza exacta de esta causa ambiental era oscura hasta que la evidencia recientemente vinculó a la infección crónica del antrum de la mucosa gástrica por Helicobacter pylori (una bacteria microaeróbica, gram-negativa, y espiral) con riesgo elevado de cáncer. Se reconoce ahora que el linfoma de B-cell gástricas del tejido linfoide asociado a la mucosa está también estrechamente relacionando a la infección gástrica por H. pylori, y la erradicación de la infección con antibióticos puede resultar en la regresión del linfoma. Este sorprendente hallazgo ha estimulado un intenso interés en el género Helicobacter y organismos relacionado; como resultado, especies adicionales de Helicobacter son ahora frecuentemente aisladas y caracterizadas desde muchos hospedadores no-humanos. Hasta 1994, sin embargo, sólo era conocido el H. pylori como asociado con el desarrollo de tumor, en humanos o en cualquier otra especie animal.Facultad de Ciencias Veterinaria

The effects of main-ion dilution on turbulence in low q95 C-Mod ohmic plasmas, and comparisons with nonlinear GYRO

Recent experiments on C-mod seeding nitrogen into ohmic plasmas with [subscript q]95 = 3.4 found that the seeding greatly reduced long-wavelength (ITG-scale) turbulence. The long-wavelength turbulence that was reduced by the nitrogen seeding was localized to the region of r/a≈0.85, where the turbulence is well above marginal stability (as evidenced by Q[subscript i]/Q[subscript GB]≫1). The nonlinear gyrokinetic code GYRO was used to simulate the expected turbulence in these plasmas, and the simulated turbulent density fluctuations and turbulent energy fluxes quantitatively agreed with the experimental measurements both before and after the nitrogen seeding. Unexpectedly, the intrinsic rotation of the plasma was also found to be affected by the nitrogen seeding, in a manner apparently unrelated to a change in the electron-ion collisionality that was proposed by other experiments.United States. Dept. of Energy. Office of Fusion Energy Sciences (Award E-FG02-94-ER54235

Explaining Cold-Pulse Dynamics in Tokamak Plasmas Using Local Turbulent Transport Models

A long-standing enigma in plasma transport has been resolved by modeling of cold-pulse experiments conducted on the Alcator C-Mod tokamak. Controlled edge cooling of fusion plasmas triggers core electron heating on time scales faster than an energy confinement time, which has long been interpreted as strong evidence of nonlocal transport. This Letter shows that the steady-state profiles, the cold-pulse rise time, and disappearance at higher density as measured in these experiments are successfully captured by a recent local quasilinear turbulent transport model, demonstrating that the existence of nonlocal transport phenomena is not necessary for explaining the behavior and time scales of cold-pulse experiments in tokamak plasmas.United States. Department of Energy (Award DE-FC02-99ER54512)United States. Department of Energy (Grant DESC0014264

Nonlinear gyrokinetic simulations of the I-mode high confinement regime and comparisons with experimenta)

For the first time, nonlinear gyrokinetic simulations of I-mode plasmas are performed and compared with experiment. I-mode is a high confinement regime, featuring energy confinement similar to H-mode, but without enhanced particle and impurity particle confinement [D. G. Whyte et al., Nucl. Fusion 50, 105005 (2010)]. As a consequence of the separation between heat and particle transport, I-mode exhibits several favorable characteristics compared to H-mode. The nonlinear gyrokinetic code GYRO [J. Candy and R. E. Waltz, J Comput. Phys. 186, 545 (2003)] is used to explore the effects of E × B shear and profile stiffness in I-mode and compare with L-mode. The nonlinear GYRO simulations show that I-mode core ion temperature and electron temperature profiles are more stiff than L-mode core plasmas. Scans of the input E × B shear in GYRO simulations show that E × B shearing of turbulence is a stronger effect in the core of I-mode than L-mode. The nonlinear simulations match the observed reductions in long wavelength density fluctuation levels across the L-I transition but underestimate the reduction of long wavelength electron temperature fluctuation levels. The comparisons between experiment and gyrokinetic simulations for I-mode suggest that increased E × B shearing of turbulence combined with increased profile stiffness are responsible for the reductions in core turbulence observed in the experiment, and that I-mode resembles H-mode plasmas more than L-mode plasmas with regards to marginal stability and temperature profile stiffness.United States. Department of Energy (Contract No. DE-FC02-99ER54512-CMOD)United States. Department of Energy. Office of Science (Contract No. DE-AC02- 05CH11231

CYP2A6 metabolism in the development of smoking behaviors in young adults

Cytochrome P450 2A6 (CYP2A6) encodes the enzyme responsible for the majority of nicotine metabolism. Previous studies support that slow metabolizers smoke fewer cigarettes once nicotine dependent but provide conflicting results on the role of CYP2A6 in the development of dependence. By focusing on the critical period of young adulthood, this study examines the relationship of CYP2A6 variation and smoking milestones. A total of 1209 European American young adults enrolled in the Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism were genotyped for CYP2A6 variants to calculate a previously well-validated metric that estimates nicotine metabolism. This metric was not associated with the transition from never smoking to smoking initiation nor with the transition from initiation to daily smoking (P > 0.4). But among young adults who had become daily smokers (n = 506), decreased metabolism was associated with increased risk of nicotine dependence (P = 0.03) (defined as Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence score ≥4). This finding was replicated in the Collaborative Genetic Study of Nicotine Dependence with 335 young adult daily smokers (P = 0.02). Secondary meta-analysis indicated that slow metabolizers had a 53 percent increased odds (OR = 1.53, 95 percent CI 1.11-2.11, P = 0.009) of developing nicotine dependence compared with normal metabolizers. Furthermore, secondary analyses examining four-level response of time to first cigarette after waking (>60, 31-60, 6-30, ≤5 minutes) demonstrated a robust effect of the metabolism metric in Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism (P = 0.03) and Collaborative Genetic Study of Nicotine Dependence (P = 0.004), illustrating the important role of this measure of dependence. These findings highlight the complex role of CYP2A6 variation across different developmental stages of smoking behaviors

Non-local heat transport in Alcator C-Mod ohmic L-mode plasmas

Non-local heat transport experiments were performed in Alcator C-Mod ohmic L-mode plasmas by inducing edge cooling with laser blow-off impurity (CaF2) injection. The non-local effect, a cooling of the edge electron temperature with a rapid rise of the central electron temperature, which contradicts the assumption of 'local' transport, was observed in low collisionality linear ohmic confinement (LOC) regime plasmas. Transport analysis shows this phenomenon can be explained either by a fast drop of the core diffusivity, or the sudden appearance of a heat pinch. In high collisionality saturated ohmic confinement (SOC) regime plasmas, the thermal transport becomes 'local': the central electron temperature drops on the energy confinement time scale in response to the edge cooling. Measurements from a high resolution imaging x-ray spectrometer show that the ion temperature has a similar behaviour as the electron temperature in response to edge cooling, and that the transition density of non-locality correlates with the rotation reversal critical density. This connection may indicate the possible connection between thermal and momentum transport, which is also linked to a transition in turbulence dominance between trapped electron modes (TEMs) and ion temperature gradient (ITG) modes. Experiments with repetitive cold pulses in one discharge were also performed to allow Fourier analysis and to provide details of cold front propagation. These modulation experiments showed in LOC plasmas that the electron thermal transport is not purely diffusive, while in SOC the electron thermal transport is more diffusive like. Linear gyrokinetic simulations suggest the turbulence outside r/a = 0.75 changes from TEM dominance in LOC plasmas to ITG mode dominance in SOC plasmas.United States. Dept. of Energy (DoE Contract No DE-FC02-99ER54512)Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (DOE Fusion Energy Postdoctoral Research Program