993 research outputs found
Diffusion as mixing mechanism in granular materials
We present several numerical results on granular mixtures. In particular, we
examine the efficiency of diffusion as a mixing mechanism in these systems. The
collisions are inelastic and to compensate the energy loss, we thermalize the
grains by adding a random force. Starting with a segregated system, we show
that uniform agitation (heating) leads to a uniform mixture of grains of
different sizes. We define a characteristic mixing time, , and
study theoretically and numerically its dependence on other parameters like the
density. We examine a model for bidisperse systems for which we can calculate
some physical quantities. We also examine the effect of a temperature gradient
and demonstrate the appearance of an expected segregation.Comment: 15 eps figures, include
Modelling laser-atom interactions in the strong field regime
We consider the ionisation of atomic hydrogen by a strong infrared field. We
extend and study in more depth an existing semi-analytical model. Starting from
the time-dependent Schroedinger equation in momentum space and in the velocity
gauge we substitute the kernel of the non-local Coulomb potential by a sum of N
separable potentials, each of them supporting one hydrogen bound state. This
leads to a set of N coupled one-dimensional linear Volterra integral equations
to solve. We analyze the gauge problem for the model, the different ways of
generating the separable potentials and establish a clear link with the strong
field approximation which turns out to be a limiting case of the present model.
We calculate electron energy spectra as well as the time evolution of electron
wave packets in momentum space. We compare and discuss the results obtained
with the model and with the strong field approximation and examine in this
context, the role of excited states.Comment: 11 pages, 5 figure
Neutral Pion Photoproduction on Nuclei in Baryon Chiral Perturbation Theory
Threshold neutral pion photoproduction on light nuclei is studied in the
framework of baryon chiral perturbation theory. We obtain a general formula for
the electric dipole amplitude in the special case of neutral pion
photoproduction on a nucleus. To third order in small momenta, the amplitude is
a sum of 2- and 3-body interactions with no undetermined parameters. With
reasonable input from the single nucleon sector, our result for neutral pion
photoproduction on the deuteron is in agreement with experiment.Comment: 24 pages, 4 uuencoded postscript figures, uses LaTex and epsf.tex.
Added footnote and references. Minor changes in text and forma
Compton Scattering and the Spin Structure of the Nucleon at Low Energies
We analyze polarized Compton scattering which provides information on the
spin-structure of the nucleon. For scattering processes with photon energies up
to 100 MeV the spin-structure dependence can be encoded into four independent
parameters-the so-called spin-polarizabilities of the
nucleon, which we calculate within the framework of the "small scale expansion"
in SU(2) baryon chiral perturbation theory. Specific application is made to
"forward" and "backward" spin- polarizabilities.Comment: 8 pages revtex file, separation between pion-pole and regular
contributions detailed + minor wording changes, results and conclusions
unchange
Evidence Against Instanton Dominance of Topological Charge Fluctuations in QCD
The low-lying eigenmodes of the Dirac operator associated with typical gauge
field configurations in QCD encode, among other low-energy properties, the
physics behind the solution to the problem (i.e. the origin of the
mass), the nature of spontaneous chiral symmetry breaking, and the
physics of string-breaking, quark-antiquark pair production, and the OZI rule.
Moreover, the space-time chiral structure of these eigenmodes reflects the
space-time topological structure of the underlying gauge field. We present
evidence from lattice QCD on the local chiral structure of low Dirac eigenmodes
leading to the conclusion that topological charge fluctuations of the QCD
vacuum are not instanton-dominated. The result supports Witten's arguments that
topological charge is produced by confinement-related gauge fluctuations rather
than instantons.Comment: 35 pages, 11 figure
Double-slit interference pattern from single-slit screen and its gravitational analogues
The double slit experiment (DSE) is known as an important cornerstone in the
foundations of physical theories such as Quantum Mechanics and Special
Relativity. A large number of different variants of it were designed and
performed over the years. We perform and discuss here a new verion with the
somewhat unexpected results of obtaining interference pattern from single-slit
screen. This outcome, which shows that the routes of the photons through the
array were changed, leads one to discuss it, using the equivalence principle,
in terms of geodesics mechanics. We show using either the Brill's version of
the canonical formulation of general relativity or the linearized version of it
that one may find corresponding and analogous situations in the framework of
general relativity.Comment: 51 pages, 12 Figures five of them contain two subfigures and thus the
number of figures is 17, 1 Table. Some minor changes introduced, especially,
in the reference
Promised Land? Immigration, Religiosity, and Space in Southern California
This article looks at how immigrants and their supporters appropriate and use religious space and other public spaces for religious and socio-political purposes in Southern California. While the everyday living conditions of many immigrants, particularly the unauthorized Latino immigrants, force unto them an embodied disciplinarity that maintains spatialities of restricted citizenship, the public appropriations of space for and through religious practices allow for them -even if only momentarily -to express an embodied transgression. This practice in public space helps realize spaces of freedom and hope, however ephemerally. Potentially, these rehearsing exercises can help revert internalized disempowering subjectivities and create social empowerment. Negative stereotypes about immigrants held by the larger public can also be challenged through these spatial practices, as the public demonstrations make visible the invisible. We focus on âPosadas Without Bordersâ and âthe New Sanctuary Movement,â considering both the role of progressive civic and religious institutions in supporting immigrants and the agency of the immigrants themselves. The theoretical analysis builds on concepts drawn from a conversation between geography and religious and theological studies. We use a triangulated methodological approach that includes observation and participant observation, content-analysis of multimedia, interviews, and intellectual advocacy for the immigrant movement. The cases discussed here show that progressive religious groups and coalitions can be important allies to progressive planners, geographers, and policy makers in advancing social and environmental justice for the disenfranchised. They also show that the theological underpinnings of such groups share a lot in common with planning epistemologies for the just city
UV and EUV Instruments
We describe telescopes and instruments that were developed and used for
astronomical research in the ultraviolet (UV) and extreme ultraviolet (EUV)
regions of the electromagnetic spectrum. The wavelength ranges covered by these
bands are not uniquely defined. We use the following convention here: The EUV
and UV span the regions ~100-912 and 912-3000 Angstroem respectively. The
limitation between both ranges is a natural choice, because the hydrogen Lyman
absorption edge is located at 912 Angstroem. At smaller wavelengths,
astronomical sources are strongly absorbed by the interstellar medium. It also
marks a technical limit, because telescopes and instruments are of different
design. In the EUV range, the technology is strongly related to that utilized
in X-ray astronomy, while in the UV range the instruments in many cases have
their roots in optical astronomy. We will, therefore, describe the UV and EUV
instruments in appropriate conciseness and refer to the respective chapters of
this volume for more technical details.Comment: To appear in: Landolt-Boernstein, New Series VI/4A, Astronomy,
Astrophysics, and Cosmology; Instruments and Methods, ed. J.E. Truemper,
Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 201
Al0.2Ga0.8As X-ray photodiodes for X-ray spectroscopy
Three custom-made Al0.2Ga0.8As p-i-n mesa X-ray photodiodes (200 ”m diameter, 3 ”m i layer) were electrically characterised and investigated for their response to illumination with soft X-rays from an 55Fe radioisotope X-ray source (Mn Kα = 5.9 keV; Mn KÎČ = 6.49 keV). The AlGaAs photodiodes were shown to be suitable for photon counting X-ray spectroscopy at room temperature. When coupled to a custom-made low-noise charge-sensitive preamplifier, a mean energy resolution (as quantified by the full width at half maximum of the 5.9 keV photopeak) of 1.24 keV was measured at room temperature. Parameters such as the depletion width (1.92 ”m at 10 V), charge trapping noise (61.7 eâ rms ENC at 5 V, negligible at 10 V) and the electronic noise components (known dielectric noise (63.4 eâ rms), series white noise (27.7 eâ rms), parallel white noise (9.5 eâ rms) and 1/f series noise (2.2 eâ rms) at 10 V reverse bias) affecting the achieved energy resolution were computed. The estimated charge trapping noise and mean energy resolution were compared to similar materials (e.g. Al0.8Ga0.2As) previously reported, and discussed. These results are the first demonstration of photon counting X-ray spectroscopy with Al0.2Ga0.8As reported to date
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