Body Dysmorphic Disorder: Characteristics, Psychopathology, Clinical Associations, and Influencing Factors

Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is defined by a recurring and persistent concern characterized by psychic suffering caused by a possible physical imperfection in appearance. It is a severe psychiatric condition, duly confirmed by neuroanatomical findings, very peculiar repetitive behaviors, and specific personalities. The prevalence of BDD is increasing around the world and differs between countries, because of cultural differences and different health-care systems. This increase is worrying because BDD is a pathology that presents comorbidity like severe depression, suicidal ideation, and functional and social impairment. However, BDD is an unrecognized and often not diagnosed in our society. Many patients are ashamed of their complaints and do not usually seek psychiatric help with ease, and unfortunately, they seek help in cosmetic and surgical treatments to improve their appearance, and these professionals are not yet prepared to assist in the diagnosis of this disorder. Therefore, this chapter presents not only the psychopathology of BDD but also its associations with other pathologies and their main factors of influence. Finally, we present a clinical experience with a detailed description of a clinical case. The aim is to contribute to the diagnosis and treatment of this pathology and also to future research that may benefit society and these patients

Relationship between anthropometric variables and body image dissatisfaction among fitness center users

The purpose of this study was to identify the anthropometric dimensions related with body image dissatisfaction among fitness center users. Participants were 276 Brazilian members of fitness centers (168 males and 108 females) with ages between 17 and 39 years (mage = 23.93, sd = 5.17). After body mass (BM), body mass index (BMI) and body fat (% BF) were measured, participants indicated their current (cs) and ideal (Is) silhouettes, allowing the calculation of body dissatisfaction as the difference between Is and cs. BMI and % BF were grouped by body dissatisfaction category and analyzed using one-way and repeated measures ANoVA. results revealed that only 1.2 % of men and 6.5 % of women considered themselves satisfied with their body. comparisons of global ratings of their cs and Is revealed that male and female individuals reported that their current bodies were significantly less muscular than their ideal bodies (p < .001), although the degree of dissatisfaction revealed no significant difference between sexes. Moreover, results demonstrated that the relationship between body composition and body dissatisfaction only occurs in individuals that feel very dissatisfied with their body image and appearance

A INFLUÊNCIA DE 2 MINUTOS DE RECUPERAÇÃO ENTRE SÉRIES SOBRE O NÚMERO DE REPETIÇÕES MÁXIMAS EM EXERCÍCIOS MONO E BIARTICULARES

O intervalo entre séries no treinamento de força (TF) muscular tem influência direta sobre o volume de treinamento. O estudo teve como objetivo verificar o efeito da utilização de 2 minutos de intervalo entre séries nos exercícios supino horizontal (SUP) e tríceps pulley (TRI) sobre o número de repetições máximas (RM) realizado com cargas de 8 RM. Participaram do estudo 13 homens treinados (24 À 3 anos; 76,5 À 12 kg; 179 À 6). Os protocolos de treinamento do SUP e do TRI foram realizados em dias diferentes, sendo executadas três séries até a falha muscular concêntrica, com intervalos de recuperação entre as séries de 2 minutos. Utilizou-se ANOVA para medidas repetidas para verificar as diferenças entre o número de RM entre as séries e o posthoc de Tukey para identificar essas diferenças (

Effect of different resistance exercise repetition velocities on excess post-exercise oxygen consumption and energetic expenditure

The excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) consists of the excess oxygen consumed above a resting state following exercise. Performance of resistance exercise can significantly disrupt the body’s homeostasis, with the EPOC being dependent on the specific combination of prescriptive variables. Presently, the effects of different repetition velocities on VO2 and caloric expenditure during and following resistance exercise bouts have not been completely elucidated. Objective: To examine the effect of different repetition velocities on EPOC and total energetic expenditure during and following resistance exercise bouts. Methods: Twenty women (34.6 ± 5.5 years; 159 ± 4.1 cm; 55.1 ± 3.4 kg; 24±2.5 kg/m-²; 18.9 ± 4.3 % body fat) performed two resistance exercise bouts that differed only in the velocity of repetitions: sequence 1 (SEQ1) involved 1 second concentric and eccentric phases and sequence 2 (SEQ2) involved 2 second concentric and eccentric phases. Both bouts utilized a 70% of 1-RM load for all exercises, performed for 3 sets of 10 repetitions. The respired gas analysis was assessed before, during, and for 60 minutes following each bout. Results: None of the variables assessed (i.e. VO2, VCO2, VE/VO2, VE/ VCO2, VE, RQ) were significantly different between bouts (p \u3e 0.05). Conclusion: A relatively slower repetition velocity will produce similar energy expenditure during and following resistance exercise as a relatively faster repetition velocity, as long as the total volume is equal between resistance exercise bouts

Quadriceps foam rolling and rolling massage increases hip flexion and extension passive range-of-motion

Increases in joint range-of-motion may be beneficial for improving performance and reducing injury risk. This study investigated the effects of different self-massage volumes and modalities on passive hip range-of-motion. Twenty-five recreationally resistance-trained men performed four experimental protocols using a counterbalanced, randomized, and within-subjects design; foam rolling (FR) or roller massage (RM) for 60 or 120-s. Passive hip flexion and extension range-of-motion were measured in a counterbalanced and randomized order via manual goniometry before self-massage (baseline) and immediately, 10-, 20-, and 30-min following each self-massage intervention. Following FR or RM of quadriceps, there was an increase in hip flexion range-of-motion at Post-0 (FR: Δ = 19.28°; RM: Δ = 14.96°), Post-10 (FR: Δ = 13.03°; RM: Δ = 10.40°), and Post-20 (FR: Δ = 6.00°; RM: Δ = 4.64°) for all protocols, but these did not exceed the minimum detectable change at Post-10 for RM60 and RM120, and Post-20 for FR60, FR120, RM60, and RM120. Similarly, hip extension range-of-motion increased at Post-0 (FR: Δ = 8.56°; RM: Δ = 6.56°), Post-10 (FR: Δ = 4.64°; RM: Δ = 3.92°), and Post-20 (FR: Δ = 2.80°; RM: Δ = 1.92°), but did not exceed the minimum detectable change at Post-10 for FR60, RM60, and RM120, and Post-20 for FR60, FR120, RM60, and RM120. In conclusion, both FR and RM increased hip range-of-motion but larger volumes (120- vs. 60-second) and FR produced the greatest increases. These findings have implications for self-massage prescription and implementation, in both rehabilitation and athletic populations

Three-Months of Neuromotor Fitness Program Affect the Body Composition and Physical Performance in Untrained Women

International Journal of Exercise Science 12(4): 1346-1354, 2019. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of three months of neuromotor fitness on body composition and physical performance in untrained women. Nine untrained women (age: 38.1 ± 6.9 years; total body mass: 79.3 ± 10.7 kg; height: 161.5 ± 3.9 cm; body mass index: 30.4 ± 4.1) participated in the present study. Subjects attended the laboratory on twenty-seven occasions during a three-month period at least forty-eight hours in between sessions. Sessions 1 and 2 were used to measure morphology and body composition, and to familiarize all subjects with the experimental procedure and physical performance tests (muscle power, balance, muscular endurance, and flexibility). During sessions 3 to 26, all exercises were performed twice a week during 60-min in each session. All exercises were divided into three different circuit programs composed by12 stations with one-min exercise and a passive recovery of thirty-sec. There were significant decreases (p \u3c 0.005) for circumference in the right and left arm, pectoral, waist, abdomen, hip, and right and left calf. There were significant increases in lean body mass (p \u3c 0.005) and total body weight (p \u3c 0.005). There were significant decreases for body mass index (p \u3c 0.005), fat mass (p \u3c 0.005), and fat percentage (p \u3c 0.05). There were significant decreases (p \u3c 0.005) for skinfold in triceps, pectoral, subaxilar, shoulder blade, abdomen, hip, and thigh. There were significant increases for power test (p \u3c 0.005), muscular endurance test (p \u3c 0.005), and functional test (p \u3c 0.005). There were no significant differences for flexibility (p \u3c 0.005). The neuromotor fitness program affects the body composition and increases the physical performance in untrained women

Ischemic preconditioning improves autonomic modulation after session of resistance exercise / Pré-condicionamento isquêmico melhora a modulação autonômica após sessão de exercício resistido

ABSTRACTThe aim of this study was to investigate the acute effect of ischemic preconditioning (IPC) in a session of resistance exercise (RE) for upper and lower limbs on the heart rate variability (HRV) in normotensive and trained men. sixteen normotensive and trained men visit the laboratory in five sessions in non-consecutive days. The first two sessions subjects performed one repetition maximum (RM) test and retest, and the next three visits they performed the experimental protocols: a) RE (CON), b) IPC+RE (IPC), c) SHAM+RE (SHAM). RE were performed in 3 sets at 80% 1RM until concentric failure. IPC consisted of 4x5-mins of vascular occlusion at 220 mmHg alternating with 5-min of reperfusion. SHAM protocol followed the same IPC method with 20mmHg vascular occlusion. A significant decrease in LF­nu and RMSSDms (p=0.001) was found from baseline for IPC, SHAM, and CON. A significant increase in HFnu and LF/HF (p=0.001) was found from baseline for IPC, SHAM, and CON. A significant decrease in LF­nu and LF/HF was observed from 60-min post for IPC vs. SHAM and IPC vs. CON (p&lt;0.05). A significant increase in HFnu was observed from 60-min post for IPC vs. SHAM and IPC vs. CON (p&lt;0.05). A significant increase in RMSSDms was found from post-60 for IPC vs. SHAM (p &lt; 0.05). RE followed IPC shows significantly improvements in the autonomic cardiac modulation, accelerating the autonomic recovery after the RE session, by increasing the vagal activity and reducing the sympathetic activation when compared to RE and SHAM protocols

Efeito agudo do precondicionamento isquêmico aplicado antes de testes de força isométrica e endurance mucular sobre as variáveis hemodinâmicas em homens treinados / Acute effect of ischemic preconditioning applied before isometric strength and muscular endurance tests on hemodynamic variables in trained men

O pré-condicionamento isquêmico (PCI) é um procedimento que consiste na aplicação de um aparelho para a oclusão vascular (OV), alternando momentos de OV e reperfusão. O PCI é um método de trabalho empregado para bloquear o fluxo sanguíneo de maneira remota e não invasiva, através de um torniquete pneumático antes de realização de um exercício. Diversos estudos têm investigado os efeitos do PCI no desempenho esportivo e muscular. Entretanto, poucos estudos investigaram os efeitos do PCI sobre as respostas hemodinâmicas após o exercício. Portanto, o objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar o efeito agudo do PCI aplicado antes de testes de força isométrica e de endurance muscular sobre a pressão arterial sistólica (PAS), pressão arterial diastólica (PAD), frequência cardíaca (FC), duplo produto (DP), pressão arterial média (PAM) e saturação de oxigênio (SPO2) em homens treinados. A amostra foi composta por 12 indivíduos saudáveis, treinados recreacionalmente.  O estudo foi realizado em um total de 3 visitas em dias não consecutivos (3 a 7 dias de intervalo). Durante a primeira visita ao laboratório foram assinalados os Termos de Consentimentos Livres e Esclarecidos (TCLE), de acordo com a declaração de Helsinki, em seguida, respondidos os Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire / PAR-Q, imediatamente após foram avaliados a antropometria e em seguida uma familiarização com os testes e o método. Na segunda e terceira visita os voluntários foram divididos aleatoriamente com entrada contrabalanceada e alternada, nos seguintes protocolos experimentais:a) PCI + testes de força isométrica e testes de endurance muscular (PCI); b) protocolo controle (CON) testes de força isométrica e testes de endurance muscular, logo após os foram mensuradas as variáveis hemodinâmicas. Os resultados motraram que as respostas da PAS, PAD, FC, DP, PAM e SPO2 não apresentaram diferenças significativas entre os protocolos PCI e CON (p&gt; 0.05). A PAS foi significativamente maior no PCI comparando o momento pré vs. pós (p=0.01).  A FC foi significativamente maior, comparando pré vs. pós, no PCI (p=0.01) e no CON (p=0.01). O DP foi significativamente maior, comparando pré vs. pós, no PCI (p=0.01) e no CON (p=0.01). A PAMnão apresentou diferenças significativas, comparando pré vs. pós, nos protocolos PCI e CON (p&gt;0.05). A SPO2 não apresentou diferenças significativas, comparando pré vs. pós, nos protocolos PCI e CON (p&gt;0.05). Em conclusão, nossos achados demonstraram que aplicação do PCI antes de teste de força isométrica e de endurance muscular não alteraram significativamente as respostas hemodinâmicas (PAS, PAD, FC, DP, PAM e SPO2) em homens treinados.

Maximal repetition performance, rating of perceived exertion, and muscle fatigue during paired set training performed with different rest intervals

AbstractBackground/ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to examine rest interval length between agonist–antagonist paired set training (PS) on maximal repetition performance, rating of perceived exertion, and neuromuscular fatigue.MethodsFourteen trained men (age, 24.2 ± 1.1 years; height, 175 ± 5.5 cm; body mass, 76.6 ± 7.0 kg) performed two experimental protocols in random order with 2 minutes (P2) or 4 minutes (P4) between agonist–antagonist PS, which consisted of a bench press set followed immediately by a seated row set with 8-repetition maximum loads, respectively. A total of three PS were performed for each rest interval protocol. The total repetitions performed and the rating of perceived exertion were recorded for each exercise set within each rest interval protocol. Electromyography signals were recorded for the posterior deltoid, biceps brachii, pectoralis major, and triceps brachii muscles during the SR exercise. The electromyography signals were then used to calculate a fatigue index for each rest interval protocol.ResultsNo significant differences were identified in the total repetitions completed between rest interval protocols for the bench press (P2 = 22.9 ± 1.3 and P4 = 22.6 ± 0.8) and seated row (P2 = 25.4 ± 1.7 and P4 = 25.1 ± 1.3). However, a significantly higher fatigue index was found for all muscles under the P2 versus the P4 protocol.ConclusionWhen performing agonist–antagonist PS, prescribing a shorter rest interval between PS may induce higher levels of fatigue, albeit with similar total repetitions versus a longer rest interval

Acute cardiovascular response of older women to three resistance exercise protocols

As respostas cardiovasculares agudas foram comparadas entre três diferentes protocolos de treinamento resistido de alta velocidade de contração muscular em mulheres idosas destreinadas. Doze voluntárias, aparentemente saudáveis (62.6 ± 2,9 anos), realizaram três diferentes protocolos no supino horizontal (SH) e no leg press 45º (LP). Todos os protocolos envolveram três séries de 10 repetições realizados com uma carga de 10RM e 2 minutos de recuperação entre as séries. O protocolo contínuo consistiu em 10 repetições, com nenhuma pausa entre as repetições. Os protocolos descontínuos foram realizados com uma pausa de cinco (PD5) ou 15 (PD15) segundos, entre a quinta e sexta repetições. Frequência cardíaca (FC), pressão arterial sistólica (PAS) e duplo produto (DP) foram avaliados no repouso e ao final de todas as séries nos exercícios. ANOVA fatorial foi usada para comparar as respostas cardiovasculares entre os diferentes protocolos. Comparado com o repouso, FC, PAS e DP foram respectivamente 22.3%, 23.2% e 51.2% (p < 0.05) maiores no exercício SH e 41.7%, 43.0% e 102.9% (p < 0.05) maiores no exercício LP, após a terceira série, em todos os protocolos. FC e DP foram 5.6% e 8.2% (p < 0.05), respectivamente, menores no DP5 e DP15 comparado com o PC, no exercício SH. A FC, PAS e DP foram 5.2%, 8.0% e 14,8% ,respectivamente, menores no DP5 comparado com o PC, no exercício LP. Portanto, parece que o exercício resistido de alta velocidade descontínuo tem uma menor demanda cardiovascular do que exercício resistido contínuo em mulheres idosas.Acute cardiovascular responses to different high-velocity resistance exercise protocols were compared in untrained older women. Twelve apparently healthy volunteers (62.6 ± 2.9 years) performed three different protocols on the bench press (BP) and leg press (LP). All protocols consisted of three sets of 10 repetitions performed with a 10RM load and 2 min of rest between sets. The continuous protocol (CP) consisted of 10 repetitions with no pause between repetitions. The discontinuous protocols were performed with a pause of five (DP5) or 15 (DP15) seconds between the fifth and sixth repetition. Heart rate (HR), systolic blood pressure (SBP), and rate pressure product (RPP) were assessed at baseline and at the end of all exercise sets. Factorial ANOVA was used to compare the cardiovascular response among different protocols. Compared to baseline, HR, SBP and RPP were, respectively, 22.3%, 23.2% and 51.2% (p < 0.05) higher for BP exercise, and 41.7%, 43.0% and 102.9% (p < 0.05) higher for LP exercise after the third set in all protocols. For BP exercise, HR and RPP were 5.6% and 8.2% (p < 0.05) lower in DP5 and DP15, respectively, compared to CP. For LP exercise, HR, SBP and RPP were, respectively, 5.2%, 8.0% and 14.8% lower in DP5 compared to CP. In conclusion, discontinuous high-velocity resistance exercise seems to have a lower cardiovascular demand than continuous resistance exercise in older women