When Markets are Unfamiliar: Comparing the Market for Presentation Technology in the French and U.S. Legal Systems

When examining new markets for technologies, we must always remember that cultures, governments and enterprises that we encounter may be very different from those of our existing markets. If a saturation of certain technologies within certain geographical or national markets exists, exploration into yet-untapped new markets may indeed lie in areas that are unlike those with which we are most familiar.market technology ; France ; US

When Markets are Unfamiliar: Comparing the Market for Presentation Technology in the French and U.S. Legal Systems

National audienceWhen examining new markets for technologies, we must always remember that cultures, governments and enterprises that we encounter may be very different from those of our existing markets. If a saturation of certain technologies within certain geographical or national markets exists, exploration into yet-untapped new markets may indeed lie in areas that are unlike those with which we are most familiar

Bibliografía

Sustainable vineyard fertilization can lead to cost savings while protecting the environment. However, appropriate fertilization conditions depend on the rootstocks, which differ in their uptake of macro- and micronutrients, as well as on the vineyard soils’ physical and chemical characteristics, which affect the soil nutrient reservoir. We studied identical sets of 14 rootstocks on three different soils. Rootstocks had a significant impact on petiole levels of nitrogen and potassium throughout the growing season. Pruning weight and fruit yield also varied considerably by rootstock and site. However, rootstock performance was not consistent among sites, nor was the seasonal pattern of change in nitrogen and potassium consistent among sites. The observed differences emphasize the impact of soil texture and nutrient availability on plant growth. Further studies will help guide the development of site-specific sustainable fertilization regimens

Ten Years of Valuation of the Local Impact of Atmospheric Pollution: from Scientific Assessments to Political Decisions

This paper focuses on the economic valuation of the impact of local air pollution. Two main issues are considered: 1. The scientific issue: what is estimated, how and why? The main studies from the nineties are presented here. Two strong issues are stressed, with the diversity of valuation methods, on the one hand, and the debates on how to take the long term into account and the discount technique, on the other. 2. The political issue: how the results from the economic field are analysed and used to establish official values for public policies? The methods used in the transport sector in three different European countries (France, Sweden and Switzerland) are studied here.To conclude, we highlight the discrepancy between these two processes and, wherever possible, offer solutions to reach better synergy.Local air pollution ; External costs ; Economic valuation ; Official values ; Public decision ; International comparison

Verges – Le Château

Cette belle demeure du xvie s. fait suite, selon les textes, à un château médiéval non localisé. Habité sans interruption depuis ses origines, elle est aujourd’hui dans un parfait état de conservation (fig. 1). Fig. 1 – Vue générale depuis le nord-est Cliché : G.-N. Lambert (CNRS). Deux opérations y ont été conduites cette année. Le réaménagement d’une salle voûtée au rez-de-chaussée a été précédé d’un relevé détaillé de ce niveau et de la cave sous-jacente. Le souhait de restaurer une tour ..

Verges – Le Château

Identifiant de l'opération archéologique : 39550001 Date de l'opération : 2001 (EV) Le château de Verges est situé à quelques kilomètres de Lons-le-Saunier sur le premier plateau du Jura. Le plan rectangulaire, est tourné d’à peu près 45° par rapport à la rose des vents. Les tours se trouvent ainsi commodément nommées tour nord, tour ouest, etc. Divers éléments indépendants de notre volonté, mais non indépendants du fait que cette fouille est conduite délibérément sans moyens officiels, font ..

Dix ans de monétarisation des effets locaux de la pollution atmosphérique : des évaluations scientifiques aux décisions politiques

Cette communication s'intéresse à la valorisation monétaire des impacts environnementaux de la pollution atmosphérique locale. Comment, d'un côté, ces chiffres sont-ils construits par les économistes, et comment, de l'autre, sont-ils repris et utilisés pour établir des valeurs officielles dans le cadre des politiques publiques ? Nous mettons en lumière les écarts existant entre les deux et proposons des solutions pour les réduire.Pollution locale ; effets ; monétarisation ; actualisation ; valeurs tutélaires ; décision publique ; comparaison internationale

Curcuma longa and Boswellia serrata Extracts Modulate Different and Complementary Pathways on Human Chondrocytes In Vitro: Deciphering of a Transcriptomic Study

peer reviewedObjectives:Curcuma longa (CL) and Boswellia serrata (BS) extracts are used to relieve osteoarthritis symptoms. The aim of this in vitro study was to investigate their mechanisms of action at therapeutic plasmatic concentrations on primary human osteoarthritic (OA) chondrocytes.Methods: BS (10–50 μg/ml) and CL (0.4–2 μg/ml corresponding to 1–5 µM of curcumin) were evaluated separately or in combination on primary chondrocytes isolated from 17 OA patients and cultured in alginate beads. Ten patients were used for RNA-sequencing analysis. Proteomic confirmation was performed either by immunoassays in the culture supernatant or by flow cytometry for cell surface markers after 72 h of treatment.Results: Significant gene expression modifications were already observed after 6 h of treatment at the highest dose of CL (2 μg/ml) while BS was significantly effective only after 24 h of treatment irrespective of the concentration tested. The most over-expressed genes by CL were anti-oxidative, detoxifying, and cytoprotective genes involved in the Nrf2 pathway. Down-regulated genes were principally pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Inversely, BS anti-oxidant/detoxifying activities were related to the activation of Nrf1 and PPARα pathways. BS anti-inflammatory effects were associated with the increase in GDF15, decrease in cholesterol cell intake and fatty acid metabolism-involved genes, and down-regulation of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) activation. Similar to CL, BS down-regulated ADAMTS1, 5, and MMP3, 13 genes expression. The combination of both CL and BS was significantly more effective than CL or BS alone on many genes such as IL-6, CCL2, ADAMTS1, and 5.Conclusion: BS and CL have anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, and anti-catabolic activities, suggesting a protective effect of these extracts on cartilage. Even if they share some mechanism of action, the two extracts act mainly on distinct pathways, and with different time courses, justifying their association to treat osteoarthritis

Novel algorithms for high-resolution prediction of canopy evapotranspiration in grapevine

Developing low-cost technology for custom water delivery to individual or small groups of plants is a critical next step to advance precision irrigation. Current systems for estimating evapotranspiration (ET), or plant water use, work on the scale of a full vineyard (e.g., 3–5 acres) or the scale of a single vine, but at a cost that prohibits monitoring past a small number of representative vines. To develop and evaluate low-cost ET sensors for individual grapevines, we used three head-pruned Zinfandel vines in pots and placed them on load cells to collect continuous weights indicative of actual ET. We mounted research-grade sensors for humidity, temperature, and wind speed on each vine and saved data at 2-minute intervals during three growing seasons. We developed three models based on first principles (Convective Mass Transfer or Mass Balance approaches) or simple correlations to predict actual single-plant ET from these data. We present here the results of a multi-year trial at the UC-Davis RMI vineyard to illustrate the performance of each of the models for ET estimation. Relative model performance was assessed by comparing model predictions to ground truth data provided by measurements from load cells–including assessments of estimated instantaneous ET rate, estimated cumulative water use over a one-hour window surrounding solar noon, and estimated cumulative water use over a full 24-hour period. The three algorithms developed consistently performed well, with single vine ET rate predictions showing a strong linear relationship with ground truth (range in r2 over three seasons CMT r2 = 0.61–0.86; MB r2 = 0.07–0.91; EM r2 = 0.57–0.92). The MB approach, which includes two measurements of relative humidity and temperature, was the most variable, likely due to the impact of sensor placement. In all seasons, we also examined the trend in the plant scaling factor found in each model, deemed As, which, based on model theory, is a function of vine size. Taken together, these results suggest that high-resolution irrigation (HRI) models are a promising new method for ET estimation at the single plant level

Medication Sales and Syndromic Surveillance, France

Real-time over-the-counter drug sales provide an additional tool for disease surveillance