Relações entre representações sociais da AIDS e conhecimento científico sobre HIV/AIDS

Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Psicologia, Florianópolis, 2010.As representações sociais da aids e o conhecimento científico que as pessoas possuem sobre HIV/aids fornecem noções de como as pessoas compreendem a aids e agem perante ela. O objetivo desse estudo foi verificar as relações entre as representações sociais da aids e o conhecimento científico sobre HIV/aids de pessoas maiores de 18 anos de idade. Para tanto, concebeu-se a pesquisa em duas etapas: (1) construção do teste de conhecimento; (2) relações entre representações sociais da aids e níveis de conhecimento científico sobre HIV/aids. Na primeira etapa, realizada em três momentos, acessou-se um total de 29 pessoas maiores de 18 anos de idade, entre elas quatro especialistas em HIV/aids. Ao seu final, obteve-se um teste para aferição dos níveis de conhecimento científico sobre HIV/aids composto por 85 itens divididos em seis dimensões do conhecimento sobre o tema: descrição do HIV/aids (7 itens); história da doença e HIV (7 itens); formas de contágio e prevenção do HIV (32 itens); sintomatologia da aids e funcionamento do HIV (26 itens); tratamento da aids e controle HIV (8 itens); uma sobre epidemiologia HIV/aids (5 itens). Na segunda etapa do estudo caracterizaram-se as representações sociais da aids e os níveis de conhecimento científico e relacionaram-se as duas variáveis. Para tanto, aplicou-se um questionário auto-respondido em 480 pessoas com média de idade de 25,44 anos (DP = 8,25 anos), com escolaridade variável de nove a mais de 15 anos de estudos. Verificaram-se associações entre os elementos da representação social da aids e os níveis de conhecimento científico sobre HIV/aids de forma que os participantes com maiores níveis de conhecimento citaram com maior frequência os elementos: tratamento, grupo de risco, drogas, dst e imunidade; e os com menores níveis de conhecimento o elemento: sofrimento. Os resultados sugerem que níveis elevados de conhecimento científico sobre HIV/aids revelam um conhecimento de senso comum sobre aids permeado de elementos que refletem o conhecimento científico

Elementos da Representação Social da Aids Agrupados em Dimensões:: Uma Técnica Estrutural

This study shows the possibility of characterizing the structure of social representation of AIDS through the degree of symbolic value attributed to the elements. This technique provides interval data on the importance given to the elements of the social representation and allows the calculation of correlations between them.Este estudo demonstra a possibilidade de caracterização da estrutura da representação social da aids através do grau de valorização simbólica de elementos. Essa técnica fornece dados intervalares sobre a importância atribuída aos elementos da representação social e possibilita o cálculo de correlações entre eles

An attachment measure: Brazilian version of Experiences in Close Relationship Scale - Short Form = Uma medida de apego: Versão brasileira da Experiences in Close Relationship Scale - Reduzida (ECR-R-Brasil)

The aim of this study was to adapt and seek validity evidence for the Brazilian population of the short version of the Experience in Close Relationship Scale. After translation procedures of the 12 items, 4,879 adults from all regions of the country answered the instrument, being 66% women. Exploratory and confirmatory factorial analyses showed a suitable two-factor structure, in line with the original study. The reliability coefficients of "anxiety" and "avoidance" factors were adequate. We found results of sex differences and correlations with length of relationship and sociosexuality according to the theoretical assumptions and very similar to those found in the Brazilian long-version of the measure. Also, the scale was able to discriminate participants who were in a committed relationship of those in non-committed relationships. We consider that our Brazilian adapted version of the instrument displayed satisfactory evidence of validity and reliability

Uma medida de apego: versão brasileira da Experiences in Close Relationship Scale - Reduzida (ECR-R-Brasil)

Les objectifs de cette étude étaient d'adapter et de trouver des preuves de validité pour la population brésilienne de la version réduite de l'échelle Experience in Close Relationship. Après la traduction de ses 12 questions, l'instrument a été répondu par 4,879 adultes de toutes les régions du pays, dont 66% femmes. Analyses factorielles exploratoires et confirmatoires ont montré la pertinence de la structure de deux facteurs, conformément l'étude originale. La fiabilité de les facteurs " anxiété " et " evitement " étaient appropriées. Les résultats pour les différences de sexe et corrélations avec la durée de la relation et socioséxualité ont respecté les hypothèses théoriques et ont été très semblables à celles trouvées par la version brésilienne étendue de la mesure. L'échelle a été capable de distinguer les participants qui étaient dans une relation engagée de ceux qui étaient dans relations sans engagement. On considère que cette version brésilienne adaptée de l'instrument a montré preuves satisfaisantes de validité et fiabilité.The aim of this study was to adapt and seek validity evidence for the Brazilian population of the short version of the Experience in Close Relationship Scale. After translation procedures of the 12 items, 4,879 adults from all regions of the country answered the instrument, being 66% women. Exploratory and confirmatory factorial analyses showed a suitable two-factor structure, in line with the original study. The reliability coefficients of "anxiety" and "avoidance" factors were adequate. We found results of sex differences and correlations with length of relationship and sociosexuality according to the theoretical assumptions and very similar to those found in the Brazilian long-version of the measure. Also, the scale was able to discriminate participants who were in a committed relationship of those in non-committed relationships. We consider that our Brazilian adapted version of the instrument displayed satisfactory evidence of validity and reliability.Los objetivos de esta pesquisa fueron adaptar y buscar pruebas de validez para la población brasileña de la versión reducida de la escala Experience in Close Relationship. Después de procedimientos de traducción de los 12 ítems, el instrumento fue contestado por 4.879 adultos de todas las regiones del país, y 66% de ellos eran mujeres. Análisis factoriales exploratorias y confirmatorias demostraron la adecuación de la estructura de dos factores, en conformidad con el estudio original. Los índices de consistencia interna de los factores "ansiedad" y "evitación" se mostraron satisfactorios. Encontramos resultados de diferencias sexuales y correlaciones con el tiempo de relación y niveles de sociosexualidad de acuerdo con las hipótesis teóricas y muy similares a los encontrados para la versión brasileña de la medida extendida. La escala fue capaz de distinguir los participantes que se encontraban en relaciones comprometidas de aquellos en relaciones sin compromiso. Se consideran satisfactorias las pruebas de validez y confiabilidad encontradas para la ECR-R-Brasil.Os objetivos desta pesquisa foram adaptar e buscar evidências de validade para a população brasileira da versão reduzida da Experience in Close Relationship. Após procedimentos de tradução dos 12 itens, o instrumento foi respondido por 4.879 adultos de todas as regiões do país, 66% mulheres. Análises fatoriais exploratórias e confirmatórias evidenciaram a adequação da estrutura de dois fatores, em consonância com o estudo original. Os índices de consistência interna dos fatores "ansiedade" e "evitação" mostraram-se satisfatórios. Encontraram-se resultados de diferenças sexuais e correlações com tempo de relacionamento e níveis de sociossexualidade de acordo com as hipóteses teóricas e muito semelhantes aos encontrados para a versão brasileira da medida estendida. Ainda, a escala foi capaz de diferenciar participantes que estavam em relacionamento compromissado daqueles em relacionamento sem compromisso. Considera-se que as evidências de validade e fidedignidade encontradas para a ECR-R-Brasil mostraram-se satisfatórias

As Contribuições da Personalidade e dos Eventos de Vida para o Bem-Estar Subjetivo

The aim of this study was to investigate the contributions of personality traits and life events as predictors of subjective well-being (SWB). Therefore, 274 students were participants, 69% women. Results showed neuroticism and extraversionas the main predictors of SWB. Furthermore, six life events contributed to the explanation of SWB, for example, “relationship breakup” showed was a positive predictor of PositiveAffect;and “financial problems” predicted Life Satisfaction negatively. The results suggest that although people can evaluate their lives as more positive and experience more positive emotions depending on their personality traits, it is pertinent to adopt an integrative approach in the field of SWB, incorporating intrinsic factors such as personality, as well as extrinsic factors such as life events.Este estudo teve por objetivo verificar o poder preditivo de características de personalidade e eventos de vida sobre o bem-estar subjetivo (BES). Participaram 274 universitários, 69% mulheres. Os resultados mostraram neuroticismo e extroversão como as principais variáveis explicativas do BES. Ainda, seis eventos de vida contribuíram com a explicação do BES, por exemplo, “término de namoro” mostrou-se variável preditiva positiva de Afeto positivo;“problemas financeiros” explicou negativamente a Satisfação de Vida. Os resultados sugerem que, embora as pessoas possam avaliar suas vidas como mais positivas e experienciar afetos mais positivos em função de suas características de personalidade, é pertinente adotar no campo de estudos do BES uma abordagem interacionista, integrando fatores intrínsecos, como personalidade, e extrínsecos, como eventos de vida

Modelo de Liderança Autêntica: concepção teórica e evidências de validade do Authentic Leadership Questionnaire (ALQ) para o Brasil

The Authentic Leadership Model stands out among positive theories of leadership. The most frequently used instrument to determine the leader’s authenticity is the Authentic Leadership Questionnaire (ALQ). Brazil lacks studies about the validity of this measure. The aim of this research is to present evidence of validity (ALQ) for the Brazilian work context. Leaders (N = 437) and followers (N = 1329) belonging to organizations in the South of the country participated in this research. The ALQ was applied in its self and hetero-assessment versions. Confirmatory Factor Analysis indicates the presence of the four factors of the Authentic Leadership model, and the ALQ shows reliability and validity for the Brazilian samples studied. The private nature influences the perception of leadership authenticity, but the results do not confirm the influence of socio-demographic variables (age, gender, education and salary) or the organization’s size. The limitations of the study are discussed together with suggestions for future research.O modelo de Liderança Autêntica destaca-se entre as teorias positivas de liderança. O instrumento mais utilizado para aferir a autenticidade do líder é o Authentic Leadership Questionnaire (ALQ). No Brasil, esta medida encontra-se validada, contudo, é ainda necessário reforçar as suas evidências de validade para este país. O objetivo desta investigação é apresentar evidências adicionais de validade do ALQ para o contexto brasileiro de trabalho. Participaram no estudo profissionais líderes (N = 437) e liderados (N = 1329), de organizações da região sul do país. O ALQ foi aplicado nas versões de auto e heteroavaliação. Análises Fatoriais Confirmatórias indicam a presença dos quatro fatores do modelo de Liderança Autêntica, e há confiabilidade e validade do ALQ para as amostras brasileiras estudadas. A natureza privada das organizações impacta na percepção de autenticidade na liderança, contudo os resultados não confirmam a importância das variáveis sociodemográficas (idade, sexo, escolaridade e renda pessoal) e da dimensão da organização. Discutem-se as limitações do estudo e apresentam-se sugestões para futuras investigações

Pollution-Aware Walking in 16 Countries:An Application of the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB)

Background: The current levels of air pollution in European countries reduces life expectancy by an average of 8 months. People who actively travel by walking have a higher level of exposure to air pollution than those who use motor vehicles or electric buses. Some routes have higher air pollution levels than others, but little is known about pollution-aware route choice and intentions to actively avoid walking near polluted roads. An improved understanding of how air pollution influences intentions to walk or avoid polluted routes can inform interventions to decrease exposure. The present investigation has three aims: (1) compare experiences walking near roads with high levels of air pollution across countries; (2) identify groups of countries based on perceptions of air quality; and (3) examine how pedestrians develop their intentions of avoiding pollution using the extended TPB (demographics, social norms, attitudes, perceived control, and perceived risk).Methods: A cross-sectional design was applied. Pedestrians were asked about their experiences walking near roads with high levels of air pollution. To identify groups of countries with different levels of air pollution, a cluster analysis was implemented based on the perceptions of air quality. Finally, regressions were used to predict pedestrians’ intentions to avoid polluted roads per country group using the extended TPB.Results: 6180 respondents (Age M(SD)= 29.4(14.2); Males= 39.2%) ranging from 12.6% from Russia to 2.2% from Finland completed the questionnaire. The proportion of participants who reported never walking near air polluted roads was 12.4% (from 3% in Brazil to 54% in Japan). Seven groups of countries were identified using perceptions of air quality: G1(Japan, Mexico, Colombia, Turkey, Malaysia & Brazil), G2(Spain, Romania & Czechia), G3(Chile, Russia & Peru), G4(China), G5(Australia), G6(Finland), and G7(Portugal). Participants in China (G4) and Australia (G5) reported the worst and best air quality respectively. Across all countries, intentions to avoid polluted roads were associated with perceptions of risk. TPB-psychosocial factors such as social norms and perceived behavioural control also influenced intention in most groups. Favourable TPB-beliefs and low perceived risk increase intentions to avoid polluted routes.Conclusions: The willingness of pedestrians to walk on or near roads with high levels of air pollution differs significantly among countries in this study. Countries can be grouped based on their perceived air quality. Perceived risk was the only common predictor of intention to avoid polluted routes across the different groups of countries

Alcohol-impaired Walking in 16 Countries:A Theory-Based Investigation

Alcohol is a global risk factor for road trauma. Although drink driving has received most of the scholarly attention, there is growing evidence of the risks of alcohol-impaired walking. Alcohol-impaired pedestrians are over-represented in fatal crashes compared to non-impaired pedestrians. Additionally, empirical evidence shows that alcohol intoxication impairs road-crossing judgements. Besides some limited early research, much is unknown about the global prevalence and determinants of alcohol-impaired walking. Understanding alcohol-impaired walking will support health promotion initiatives and injury prevention. The present investigation has three aims: (1) compare the prevalence of alcohol-impaired walking across countries; (2) identify international groups of pedestrians based on psychosocial factors (i.e., Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) and perceptions of risk); and (3) investigate how segments of pedestrians form their intention for alcohol-impaired walking using the extended TPB (i.e. subjective norm, attitudes, perceived control, and perceived risk). A cross-sectional design was applied. The target behaviour question was “have you been a pedestrian when your thinking or physical ability (balance/strength) is affected by alcohol?” to ensure comparability across countries. Cluster analysis based on the extended TPB was used to identify groups of countries. Finally, regressions were used to predict pedestrians’ intentions per group. A total of 6,166 respondents (Age M(SD) = 29.4 (14.2); Males = 39.2%) completed the questionnaire, ranging from 12.6% from Russia to 2.2% from Finland. The proportion of participants who reported never engaging in alcohol-impaired walking in the last three months ranged from 30.1% (Spain) to 83.1% (Turkey). Four groups of countries were identified: group-1 (Czech Republic, Spain, and Australia), group-2 (Russia and Finland), group-3 (Japan), and group-4 (final ten countries including Colombia, China, and Romania). Pedestrian intentions to engage in alcohol- impaired walking are predicted by perceptions of risk and TPB-psychosocial factors in group-1 and group-4. Favourable TPB-beliefs and low perceived risk increased alcohol-impaired walking intentions. Conversely, subjective norms were not significant in group-2 and only perceived risk predicted intention in group-3. The willingness of pedestrians to walk when alcohol-impaired differs significantly across the countries in this study. Perceived risk was the only common predictor among the 16 countries.</p

Love and affectionate touch toward romantic partners all over the world

Touch is the primary way people communicate intimacy in romantic relationships, and affectionate touch behaviors such as stroking, hugging and kissing are universally observed in partnerships all over the world. Here, we explored the association of love and affectionate touch behaviors in romantic partnerships in two studies comprising 7880 participants. In the first study, we used a cross-cultural survey conducted in 37 countries to test whether love was universally associated with affectionate touch behaviors. In the second study, using a more fine-tuned touch behavior scale, we tested whether the frequency of affectionate touch behaviors was related to love in romantic partnerships. As hypothesized, love was significantly and positively associated with affectionate touch behaviors in both studies and this result was replicated regardless of the inclusion of potentially relevant factors as controls. Altogether, our data strongly suggest that affectionate touch is a relatively stable characteristic of human romantic relationships that is robustly and reliably related to the degree of reported love between partners.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio