Evaluation of Clan CD C11 peptidase PNT1 and other Leishmania mexicana cysteine peptidases as potential drug targets

Leishmania mexicana is one of the causative agents of cutaneous leishmaniasis in humans. There is anurgent need to identify new drug targets to combat the disease. Cysteine peptidases play crucial role inpathogenicity and virulence in Leishmania spp. and are promising targets for developing new antileishmanialdrugs. Genetic drug target validation has been performed on a number of cysteinepeptidases, but others have yet to be characterized. We targeted 16 L. mexicana cysteine peptidasesfor gene deletion and tagging using CRISPR-Cas9 in order to identify essential genes and ascertaintheir cellular localization. Our analysis indicates that two clan CA, family C2 calpains (LmCAL27.1,LmCAL31.6) and clan CD, family C11 PNT1 are essential for survival in the promastigote stage. Theother peptidases analysed, namely calpains LmCAL4.1, LmCAL25.1, and members of clan CA C51,C78, C85 and clan CP C97 were found to be non-essential. We generated a gene deletion mutant(Δpnt1) which was severely compromised in its cell growth and a conditional gene deletion mutant ofPNT1 (Δpnt1:: PNT1flox/Δ pnt1::HYG [SSU DiCRE]). PNT1 localizes to distinct foci on the flagellumand on the surface of the parasite. The conditional gene deletion of PNT1 induced blebs and pits onthe cell surface and eventual cell death. Over-expression of PNT1, but not an active site mutantPNT1C134A, was lethal, suggesting that active PNT1 peptidase is required for parasite survival.Overall, our data suggests that PNT1 is an essential gene and one of a number of cysteine peptidasesthat are potential drug targets in Leishmania

The Nlrp3 inflammasome regulates acute graft-versus-host disease

The success of allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation is limited by acute graft-versus-host disease (GvHD), a severe complication accompanied by high mortality rates. Yet, the molecular mechanisms initiating this disease remain poorly defined. In this study, we show that, after conditioning therapy, intestinal commensal bacteria and the damage-associated molecular pattern uric acid contribute to Nlrp3 inflammasome-mediated IL-1β production and that gastrointestinal decontamination and uric acid depletion reduced GvHD severity. Early blockade of IL-1β or genetic deficiency of the IL-1 receptor in dendritic cells (DCs) and T cells improved survival. The Nlrp3 inflammasome components Nlrp3 and Asc, which are required for pro-IL-1β cleavage, were critical for the full manifestation of GvHD. In transplanted mice, IL-1β originated from multiple intestinal cell compartments and exerted its effects on DCs and T cells, the latter being preferentially skewed toward Th17. Compatible with these mouse data, increased levels of active caspase-1 and IL-1β were found in circulating leukocytes and intestinal GvHD lesions of patients. Thus, the identification of a crucial role for the Nlrp3 inflammasome sheds new light on the pathogenesis of GvHD and opens a potential new avenue for the targeted therapy of this severe complication

Spatial regulation of the glycocalyx component podocalyxin is a switch for prometastatic function

The glycocalyx component and sialomucin podocalyxin (PODXL) is required for normal tissue development by promoting apical membranes to form between cells, triggering lumen formation. Elevated PODXL expression is also associated with metastasis and poor clinical outcome in multiple tumor types. How PODXL presents this duality in effect remains unknown. We identify an unexpected function of PODXL as a decoy receptor for galectin-3 (GAL3), whereby the PODXL-GAL3 interaction releases GAL3 repression of integrin-based invasion. Differential cortical targeting of PODXL, regulated by ubiquitination, is the molecular mechanism controlling alternate fates. Both PODXL high and low surface levels occur in parallel subpopulations within cancer cells. Orthotopic intraprostatic xenograft of PODXL-manipulated cells or those with different surface levels of PODXL define that this axis controls metastasis in vivo. Clinically, interplay between PODXL-GAL3 stratifies prostate cancer patients with poor outcome. Our studies define the molecular mechanisms and context in which PODXL promotes invasion and metastasis

Hard Real-Time Delay (RTD) Estimation and Analysis for Safety-Critical System

Avionics embedded systems encapsulate the greater number of processing units that are completely under its control and with respect to the functional requirement very often they have strict timing analysis. The purpose of this work is to capture the timing analysis of the system-level data transfer using the AFDX format sending to the Multi-functional display computer, which has an IMA architecture. In the most recent years due to the strong partition of integrated modular avionics (IMA) architecture, they have been widely adopted in the field of avionics. In the development of avionics systems, although the architecture of IMA can achieve an effective reduction in cost and enhancement in reliability it results in less scheduling difficulty. So, even under the worst-case situations the deadlines of the IMA system should be meet and evaluation of the latency period has to obtain. The methodology involved for timing analysis is presented based on the case study carried out using visualsim simulation platform

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Identification of key biomarkers and associated pathways of pancreatic cancer using integrated transcriptomic and gene network analysis

Pancreatic cancer shows malignancy around the world standing in 4th position for causing death globally. This cancer is majorly divided into exocrine and neuroendocrine where exocrine pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma is observed to be nearly 85% of cases. The lack of diagnosis of pancreatic cancer is considered to be one of the major drawbacks to the prognosis and treatment of pancreatic cancer patients. The survival rate after diagnosis is very low, due to the higher incidence of drug resistance to cancer which leads to an increase in the mortality rate. The transcriptome analysis for pancreatic cancer involves dataset collection from the ENA database, incorporating them into quality control analysis to the quantification process to get the summarized read counts present in collected samples and used for further differential gene expression analysis using the DESeq2 package. Additionally, explore the enriched pathways using GSEA software and represented them by utilizing the enrichment map finally, the gene network has been constructed by Cytoscape software. Furthermore, explored the hub genes that are present in the particular pathways and how they are interconnected from one pathway to another has been analyzed. Finally, we identified the CDKN1A, IL6, and MYC genes and their associated pathways can be better biomarker for the clinical processes to increase the survival rate of of pancreatic cancer

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Not AvailableKnowledge on the socio-economics and livelihood status of fishers is important in view of stagnating capture fisheries production in recent years and to plan suitable additional livelihood interventions. A study undertaken among the coastal fishers (n=145) of Puducherry and Karaikal Districts of Puducherry Union Territory along the south-east coast of India in 2018-19, indicated that while fishing was the full time occupation for Karaikal fishers, about 56% of the coastal inland fishers of Puducherry District realised their income from non-fisheries occupations due to insufficient emolyment and income in fisheries. The fishers’ mean livelihood score was found to be 70% which indicated that they need supplementary activities for employment and income generation. Therefore, Department of Fisheries (DoF) may plan a two-pronged strategy comprising natural resource restoration measures such as re-stocking and stock enhancement involving habitat protection. Similarly the DoF may inititate capacity enhancement programme on culture based fisheries like cage and pen farming in the open waters with the technical support of research institutions and homestead based additional income generating activities with the support of non-governmental organisations to enhance the livelihood security of fishers. It is right time for the DoF to propose plans for both resource conservation and culture fisheries based livelihood security programmes under the newly launched Prime Minister’s Fisheries Development Scheme (Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampada Yojana-PMMSY) of Govt. of India to ensure the livelihood security of fishersNot Availabl

Evaluation of clan CD C11 peptidase PNT1 and other Leishmania mexicana cysteine peptidases as potential drug targets

Leishmania mexicana is one of the causative agents of cutaneous leishmaniasis in humans. There is an urgent need to identify new drug targets to combat the disease. Cysteine peptidases play crucial role in pathogenicity and virulence in Leishmania spp. and are promising targets for developing new anti-leishmanial drugs. Genetic drug target validation has been performed on a number of cysteine peptidases, but others have yet to be characterized. We targeted 16 L. mexicana cysteine peptidases for gene deletion and tagging using CRISPR-Cas9 in order to identify essential genes and ascertain their cellular localization. Our analysis indicates that two clan CA, family C2 calpains (LmCAL27.1, LmCAL31.6) and clan CD, family C11 PNT1 are essential for survival in the promastigote stage. The other peptidases analysed, namely calpains LmCAL4.1, LmCAL25.1, and members of clan CA C51, C78, C85 and clan CP C97 were found to be non-essential. We generated a gene deletion mutant (Delta pnt1) which was severely compromised in its cell growth and a conditional gene deletion mutant of PNT1 (Delta pnt1: PNT1(flow)/Delta pnt1:HYG[SSU DiCRE]). PNT1 localizes to distinct foci on the flagellum and on the surface of the parasite. The conditional gene deletion of PNT1 induced blebs and pits on the cell surface and eventual cell death. Over-expression of PNT1, but not an active site mutant PNT1(C134A), was lethal, suggesting that active PNT1 peptidase is required for parasite survival. Overall, our data suggests that PNT1 is an essential gene and one of a number of cysteine peptidases that are potential drug targets in Leishmania.166150160This work was supported by the Medical Research Council [MR/K019384/1