A systems biology approach to the evolution of plant-virus interactions

[EN] Omic approaches to the analysis of plant-virus interactions are becoming increasingly popular. These types of data, in combination with models of interaction networks, will aid in revealing not only host components that are important for the virus life cycle, but also general patterns about the way in which different viruses manipulate host regulation of gene expression for their own benefit and possible mechanisms by which viruses evade host defenses. Here, we review studies identifying host genes regulated by viruses and discuss how these genes integrate in host regulatory and interaction networks, with a particular focus on the physical properties of these networks. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.This work was supported by grants from the Spanish MICINN (BFU2009-06993) and Generalitat Valenciana (PROMETEO2010/019). GR is supported by a fellowship from Generalitat Valenciana (BFPI2007-160) and JC by a contract from MICINN (Grant TIN2006-12860). We thank Jose-Antonio Dares and Gustavo G. Gomez for comments.Elena Fito, SF.; Carrera, J.; Rodrigo, J. (2011). A systems biology approach to the evolution of plant-virus interactions. Current Opinion in Plant Biology. 14(4):372-377. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pbi.2011.03.013S37237714

A meta-analysis reveals the commonalities and differences in Arabidopsis thaliana response to different viral pathogens

Understanding the mechanisms by which plants trigger host defenses in response to viruses has been a challenging problem owing to the multiplicity of factors and complexity of interactions involved. The advent of genomic techniques, however, has opened the possibility to grasp a global picture of the interaction. Here, we used Arabidopsis thaliana to identify and compare genes that are differentially regulated upon infection with seven distinct (+)ssRNA and one ssDNA plant viruses. In the first approach, we established lists of genes differentially affected by each virus and compared their involvement in biological functions and metabolic processes. We found that phylogenetically related viruses significantly alter the expression of similar genes and that viruses naturally infecting Brassicaceae display a greater overlap in the plant response. In the second approach, virus-regulated genes were contextualized using models of transcriptional and protein-protein interaction networks of A. thaliana. Our results confirm that host cells undergo significant reprogramming of their transcriptome during infection, which is possibly a central requirement for the mounting of host defenses. We uncovered a general mode of action in which perturbations preferentially affect genes that are highly connected, central and organized in modules. © 2012 Rodrigo et al.This work was supported by the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion (MICINN) grants BFU2009-06993 (S. F. E.) and BIO2006-13107 (C. L.) and by Generalitat Valenciana grant PROMETEO2010/016 (S. F. E.). G. R. is supported by a graduate fellowship from the Generalitat Valenciana (BFPI2007-160) and J.C. by a contract from MICINN grant TIN2006-12860. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.Rodrigo Tarrega, G.; Carrera Montesinos, J.; Ruiz-Ferrer, V.; Del Toro, F.; Llave, C.; Voinnet, O.; Elena Fito, SF. (2012). A meta-analysis reveals the commonalities and differences in Arabidopsis thaliana response to different viral pathogens. PLoS ONE. 7(7):40526-40526. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0040526S405264052677Peng, X., Chan, E. Y., Li, Y., Diamond, D. L., Korth, M. J., & Katze, M. G. (2009). Virus–host interactions: from systems biology to translational research. Current Opinion in Microbiology, 12(4), 432-438. doi:10.1016/j.mib.2009.06.003Dodds, P. N., & Rathjen, J. P. (2010). Plant immunity: towards an integrated view of plant–pathogen interactions. Nature Reviews Genetics, 11(8), 539-548. doi:10.1038/nrg2812Maule, A., Leh, V., & Lederer, C. (2002). The dialogue between viruses and hosts in compatible interactions. Current Opinion in Plant Biology, 5(4), 279-284. doi:10.1016/s1369-5266(02)00272-8Whitham, S. A., Quan, S., Chang, H.-S., Cooper, B., Estes, B., Zhu, T., … Hou, Y.-M. (2003). Diverse RNA viruses elicit the expression of common sets of genes in susceptibleArabidopsis thalianaplants. The Plant Journal, 33(2), 271-283. doi:10.1046/j.1365-313x.2003.01625.xBailer, S., & Haas, J. (2009). Connecting viral with cellular interactomes. Current Opinion in Microbiology, 12(4), 453-459. doi:10.1016/j.mib.2009.06.004Whitham, S. A., Yang, C., & Goodin, M. M. (2006). Global Impact: Elucidating Plant Responses to Viral Infection. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, 19(11), 1207-1215. doi:10.1094/mpmi-19-1207MacPherson, J. I., Dickerson, J. E., Pinney, J. W., & Robertson, D. L. (2010). Patterns of HIV-1 Protein Interaction Identify Perturbed Host-Cellular Subsystems. PLoS Computational Biology, 6(7), e1000863. doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000863Jenner, R. G., & Young, R. A. (2005). Insights into host responses against pathogens from transcriptional profiling. Nature Reviews Microbiology, 3(4), 281-294. doi:10.1038/nrmicro1126Andeweg, A. C., Haagmans, B. L., & Osterhaus, A. D. (2008). Virogenomics: the virus–host interaction revisited. Current Opinion in Microbiology, 11(5), 461-466. doi:10.1016/j.mib.2008.09.010Elena, S. F., Carrera, J., & Rodrigo, G. (2011). A systems biology approach to the evolution of plant–virus interactions. Current Opinion in Plant Biology, 14(4), 372-377. doi:10.1016/j.pbi.2011.03.013Tan, S.-L., Ganji, G., Paeper, B., Proll, S., & Katze, M. G. (2007). Systems biology and the host response to viral infection. Nature Biotechnology, 25(12), 1383-1389. doi:10.1038/nbt1207-1383De la Fuente, A. (2010). From ‘differential expression’ to ‘differential networking’ – identification of dysfunctional regulatory networks in diseases. Trends in Genetics, 26(7), 326-333. doi:10.1016/j.tig.2010.05.001Albert, R. (2005). Scale-free networks in cell biology. Journal of Cell Science, 118(21), 4947-4957. doi:10.1242/jcs.02714Yu, H., Braun, P., Yildirim, M. A., Lemmens, I., Venkatesan, K., Sahalie, J., … Vidal, M. (2008). High-Quality Binary Protein Interaction Map of the Yeast Interactome Network. Science, 322(5898), 104-110. doi:10.1126/science.1158684Barabási, A.-L., & Oltvai, Z. N. (2004). Network biology: understanding the cell’s functional organization. Nature Reviews Genetics, 5(2), 101-113. doi:10.1038/nrg1272Albert, R., Jeong, H., & Barabási, A.-L. (2000). Error and attack tolerance of complex networks. Nature, 406(6794), 378-382. doi:10.1038/35019019Mukhtar, M. S., Carvunis, A.-R., Dreze, M., Epple, P., Steinbrenner, J., … Moore, J. (2011). Independently Evolved Virulence Effectors Converge onto Hubs in a Plant Immune System Network. Science, 333(6042), 596-601. doi:10.1126/science.1203659Calderwood, M. A., Venkatesan, K., Xing, L., Chase, M. R., Vazquez, A., Holthaus, A. M., … Johannsen, E. (2007). Epstein-Barr virus and virus human protein interaction maps. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 104(18), 7606-7611. doi:10.1073/pnas.0702332104De Chassey, B., Navratil, V., Tafforeau, L., Hiet, M. S., Aublin‐Gex, A., Agaugué, S., … Lotteau, V. (2008). Hepatitis C virus infection protein network. Molecular Systems Biology, 4(1), 230. doi:10.1038/msb.2008.66Shapira, S. D., Gat-Viks, I., Shum, B. O. V., Dricot, A., de Grace, M. M., Wu, L., … Hacohen, N. (2009). A Physical and Regulatory Map of Host-Influenza Interactions Reveals Pathways in H1N1 Infection. Cell, 139(7), 1255-1267. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2009.12.018Dyer, M. D., Murali, T. M., & Sobral, B. W. (2008). The Landscape of Human Proteins Interacting with Viruses and Other Pathogens. PLoS Pathogens, 4(2), e32. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.0040032Golem, S., & Culver, J. N. (2003). Tobacco mosaic virusInduced Alterations in the Gene Expression Profile ofArabidopsis thaliana. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, 16(8), 681-688. doi:10.1094/mpmi.2003.16.8.681Espinoza, C., Medina, C., Somerville, S., & Arce-Johnson, P. (2007). Senescence-associated genes induced during compatible viral interactions with grapevine and Arabidopsis. Journal of Experimental Botany, 58(12), 3197-3212. doi:10.1093/jxb/erm165Yang, C., Guo, R., Jie, F., Nettleton, D., Peng, J., Carr, T., … Whitham, S. A. (2007). Spatial Analysis ofArabidopsis thalianaGene Expression in Response toTurnip mosaic virusInfection. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, 20(4), 358-370. doi:10.1094/mpmi-20-4-0358Agudelo-Romero, P., Carbonell, P., de la Iglesia, F., Carrera, J., Rodrigo, G., Jaramillo, A., … Elena, S. F. (2008). Changes in the gene expression profile of Arabidopsis thaliana after infection with Tobacco etch virus. Virology Journal, 5(1), 92. doi:10.1186/1743-422x-5-92Agudelo-Romero, P., Carbonell, P., Perez-Amador, M. A., & Elena, S. F. (2008). Virus Adaptation by Manipulation of Host’s Gene Expression. PLoS ONE, 3(6), e2397. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0002397Ascencio-Ibáñez, J. T., Sozzani, R., Lee, T.-J., Chu, T.-M., Wolfinger, R. D., Cella, R., & Hanley-Bowdoin, L. (2008). Global Analysis of Arabidopsis Gene Expression Uncovers a Complex Array of Changes Impacting Pathogen Response and Cell Cycle during Geminivirus Infection. Plant Physiology, 148(1), 436-454. doi:10.1104/pp.108.121038Babu, M., Griffiths, J. S., Huang, T.-S., & Wang, A. (2008). Altered gene expression changes in Arabidopsis leaf tissues and protoplasts in response to Plum pox virus infection. BMC Genomics, 9(1), 325. doi:10.1186/1471-2164-9-325De Vienne, D. M., Giraud, T., & Martin, O. C. (2007). A congruence index for testing topological similarity between trees. Bioinformatics, 23(23), 3119-3124. doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btm500Wise, R. P., Moscou, M. J., Bogdanove, A. J., & Whitham, S. A. (2007). Transcript Profiling in Host–Pathogen Interactions. Annual Review of Phytopathology, 45(1), 329-369. doi:10.1146/annurev.phyto.45.011107.143944Handford, M. G., & Carr, J. P. (2007). A defect in carbohydrate metabolism ameliorates symptom severity in virus-infected Arabidopsis thaliana. Journal of General Virology, 88(1), 337-341. doi:10.1099/vir.0.82376-0Hou, B., Lim, E.-K., Higgins, G. S., & Bowles, D. J. (2004). N-Glucosylation of Cytokinins by Glycosyltransferases ofArabidopsis thaliana. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 279(46), 47822-47832. doi:10.1074/jbc.m409569200Schwender, J., Goffman, F., Ohlrogge, J. B., & Shachar-Hill, Y. (2004). Rubisco without the Calvin cycle improves the carbon efficiency of developing green seeds. Nature, 432(7018), 779-782. doi:10.1038/nature03145Pagán, I., Alonso-Blanco, C., & García-Arenal, F. (2008). Host Responses in Life-History Traits and Tolerance to Virus Infection in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLoS Pathogens, 4(8), e1000124. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1000124Carrera, J., Rodrigo, G., Jaramillo, A., & Elena, S. F. (2009). Reverse-engineering the Arabidopsis thaliana transcriptional network under changing environmental conditions. Genome Biology, 10(9), R96. doi:10.1186/gb-2009-10-9-r96Geisler-Lee, J., O’Toole, N., Ammar, R., Provart, N. J., Millar, A. H., & Geisler, M. (2007). A Predicted Interactome for Arabidopsis. Plant Physiology, 145(2), 317-329. doi:10.1104/pp.107.103465Ma, S., Gong, Q., & Bohnert, H. J. (2007). An Arabidopsis gene network based on the graphical Gaussian model. Genome Research, 17(11), 1614-1625. doi:10.1101/gr.6911207Yamada, T., & Bork, P. (2009). Evolution of biomolecular networks — lessons from metabolic and protein interactions. Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology, 10(11), 791-803. doi:10.1038/nrm2787Humphries, M. D., & Gurney, K. (2008). Network ‘Small-World-Ness’: A Quantitative Method for Determining Canonical Network Equivalence. PLoS ONE, 3(4), e0002051. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0002051Stumpf, M. P. H., & Ingram, P. J. (2005). Probability models for degree distributions of protein interaction networks. Europhysics Letters (EPL), 71(1), 152-158. doi:10.1209/epl/i2004-10531-8Khanin, R., & Wit, E. (2006). How Scale-Free Are Biological Networks. Journal of Computational Biology, 13(3), 810-818. doi:10.1089/cmb.2006.13.810Daudin, J.-J., Picard, F., & Robin, S. (2007). A mixture model for random graphs. Statistics and Computing, 18(2), 173-183. doi:10.1007/s11222-007-9046-7Uetz, P. (2006). Herpesviral Protein Networks and Their Interaction with the Human Proteome. Science, 311(5758), 239-242. doi:10.1126/science.1116804Choi, I.-R., Stenger, D. C., & French, R. (2000). Multiple Interactions among Proteins Encoded by the Mite-Transmitted Wheat Streak Mosaic Tritimovirus. Virology, 267(2), 185-198. doi:10.1006/viro.1999.0117Guo, D., Saarma, M., Rajamäki, M.-L., & Valkonen, J. P. T. (2001). Towards a protein interaction map of potyviruses: protein interaction matrixes of two potyviruses based on the yeast two-hybrid system. Journal of General Virology, 82(4), 935-939. doi:10.1099/0022-1317-82-4-935Lin, L., Shi, Y., Luo, Z., Lu, Y., Zheng, H., Yan, F., … Wu, Y. (2009). Protein–protein interactions in two potyviruses using the yeast two-hybrid system. Virus Research, 142(1-2), 36-40. doi:10.1016/j.virusres.2009.01.006Shen, W., Wang, M., Yan, P., Gao, L., & Zhou, P. (2010). Protein interaction matrix of Papaya ringspot virus type P based on a yeast two-hybrid system. Acta Virologica, 54(1), 49-54. doi:10.4149/av_2010_01_49Redner, S. (2008). Teasing out the missing links. Nature, 453(7191), 47-48. doi:10.1038/453047aIrizarry, R. A. (2003). Exploration, normalization, and summaries of high density oligonucleotide array probe level data. Biostatistics, 4(2), 249-264. doi:10.1093/biostatistics/4.2.249Smyth, G. K. (2004). Linear Models and Empirical Bayes Methods for Assessing Differential Expression in Microarray Experiments. Statistical Applications in Genetics and Molecular Biology, 3(1), 1-25. doi:10.2202/1544-6115.1027Allemeersch, J., Durinck, S., Vanderhaeghen, R., Alard, P., Maes, R., Seeuws, K., … Kuiper, M. T. R. (2005). Benchmarking the CATMA Microarray. A Novel Tool forArabidopsis Transcriptome Analysis. Plant Physiology, 137(2), 588-601. doi:10.1104/pp.104.051300Cleveland, W. S. (1979). Robust Locally Weighted Regression and Smoothing Scatterplots. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 74(368), 829-836. doi:10.1080/01621459.1979.10481038Tarraga, J., Medina, I., Carbonell, J., Huerta-Cepas, J., Minguez, P., Alloza, E., … Dopazo, J. (2008). GEPAS, a web-based tool for microarray data analysis and interpretation. Nucleic Acids Research, 36(Web Server), W308-W314. doi:10.1093/nar/gkn303Al-Shahrour, F., Minguez, P., Vaquerizas, J. M., Conde, L., & Dopazo, J. (2005). BABELOMICS: a suite of web tools for functional annotation and analysis of groups of genes in high-throughput experiments. Nucleic Acids Research, 33(Web Server), W460-W464. doi:10.1093/nar/gki456Al-Shahrour, F., Minguez, P., Tárraga, J., Medina, I., Alloza, E., Montaner, D., & Dopazo, J. (2007). FatiGO +: a functional profiling tool for genomic data. Integration of functional annotation, regulatory motifs and interaction data with microarray experiments. Nucleic Acids Research, 35(suppl_2), W91-W96. doi:10.1093/nar/gkm260Mueller, L. A., Zhang, P., & Rhee, S. Y. (2003). AraCyc: A Biochemical Pathway Database for Arabidopsis. Plant Physiology, 132(2), 453-460. doi:10.1104/pp.102.017236Navratil, V., de Chassey, B., Combe, C., & Lotteau, V. (2011). When the human viral infectome and diseasome networks collide: towards a systems biology platform for the aetiology of human diseases. BMC Systems Biology, 5(1), 13. doi:10.1186/1752-0509-5-13Shannon, C. E. (1948). A Mathematical Theory of Communication. Bell System Technical Journal, 27(3), 379-423. doi:10.1002/j.1538-7305.1948.tb01338.

Çédille, revista de estudios franceses

Presentació

Poemas y cuentos

English Abstract.Abstracto en Españo

Cytochrome c: Using Biological Insight toward Engineering an Optimized Anticancer Biodrug

The heme protein cytochrome c (Cyt c) plays pivotal roles in cellular life and death processes. In the respiratory chain of mitochondria, it serves as an electron transfer protein, contributing to the proliferation of healthy cells. In the cell cytoplasm, it activates intrinsic apoptosis to terminate damaged cells. Insight into these mechanisms and the associated physicochemical properties and biomolecular interactions of Cyt c informs on the anticancer therapeutic potential of the protein, especially in its ability to subvert the current limitations of small molecule-based chemotherapy. In this review, we explore the development of Cyt c as an anticancer drug by identifying cancer types that would be receptive to the cytotoxicity of the protein and factors that can be finetuned to enhance its apoptotic potency. To this end, some information is obtained by characterizing known drugs that operate, in part, by triggering Cyt c induced apoptosis. The application of different smart drug delivery systems is surveyed to highlight important features for maintaining Cyt c stability and activity and improving its specificity for cancer cells and high drug payload release while recognizing the continuing limitations. This work serves to elucidate on the optimization of the strategies to translate Cyt c to the clinical market

Bacterial infections in patients with acute variceal bleeding in the era of antibiotic prophylaxis.

BACKGROUND & AIMS Antibiotic prophylaxis reduces the risk of infection and mortality in patients with cirrhosis and acute variceal bleeding (AVB). This study examines the incidence of, and risk factors for, bacterial infections during hospitalization in patients with AVB on antibiotic prophylaxis. METHODS A post hoc analysis was performed using the database of an international, multicenter, observational study designed to examine the role of pre-emptive transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts in patients with cirrhosis and AVB. Data were collected on patients with cirrhosis hospitalized for AVB (n = 2,138) from a prospective cohort (October 2013-May 2015) at 34 referral centers, and a retrospective cohort (October 2011-September 2013) at 19 of these centers. The primary outcome was incidence of bacterial infection during hospitalization. RESULTS A total of 1,656 patients out of 1,770 (93.6%) received antibiotic prophylaxis; third-generation cephalosporins (76.2%) and quinolones (19.0%) were used most frequently. Of the patients on antibiotic prophylaxis, 320 patients developed bacterial infection during hospitalization. Respiratory infection accounted for 43.6% of infections and for 49.7% of infected patients, and occurred early after admission (median 3 days, IQR 1-6). On multivariate analysis, respiratory infection was independently associated with Child-Pugh C (odds ratio [OR] 3.1; 95% CI 1.4-6.7), grade III-IV encephalopathy (OR 2.8; 95% CI 1.8-4.4), orotracheal intubation for endoscopy (OR 2.6; 95% CI 1.8-3.8), nasogastric tube placement (OR 1.7; 95% CI 1.2-2.4) or esophageal balloon tamponade (OR 2.4; 95% CI 1.2-4.9). CONCLUSION Bacterial infections develop in almost one-fifth of patients with AVB despite antibiotic prophylaxis. Respiratory infection is the most frequent, is an early event after admission, and is associated with advanced liver failure, severe hepatic encephalopathy and use of nasogastric tube, orotracheal intubation for endoscopy or esophageal balloon tamponade. LAY SUMMARY Bacterial infections develop during hospitalization in close to 20% of patients with acute variceal bleeding despite antibiotic prophylaxis. Respiratory bacterial infections are the most frequent and occur early after admission. Respiratory infection is associated with advanced liver disease, severe hepatic encephalopathy and a need for a nasogastric tube, orotracheal intubation for endoscopy or esophageal balloon tamponade

Presentation

El pasado mes de abril iniciamos una nueva etapa en Çédille, representada principalmente por su traslado a la plataforma Open Journal System (OJS) de la Universidad de La Laguna, así como por la renovación y reasignación de competencias del Consejo de Redacción. Durante este tiempo, hemos tenido que adaptarnos, experimentar y comprender, pacientemente, el funcionamiento de esta nueva herramienta que es OJS. Ello ha supuesto, en algunos casos, que se hayan producido determinadas dificultades de comunicación con nuestros lectores y evaluadores, o que se hayan ocasionado pequeños retrasos en la gestión de la revista. Como nuestros seguidores saben, muy recientemente hemos sufrido, además, un ataque informático que no solo impidió el acceso a la plataforma durante varios días (justo en el momento final de producción de este número), sino que obligó a trasladar nuestro sitio web a otro servidor y a implementar nuevas medidas de seguridad. Afortunadamente, gracias al buen hacer y profesionalidad de Juan Ascanio Amigó, asesor técnico de OJS para la Universidad de La Laguna, hemos logrado salir airosos de los problemas, complicaciones y secuelas que nos hemos ido encontrando en este tiempo. En este número que ahora ve la luz contamos con treinta y cuatro contri-buciones que superan, en total, las setecientas páginas. Así, Amelia Gamoneda Lanza y Francisco González Fernández se han encargado de coordinar una nueva entrega –la undécima– de la serie «Monografías», donde han reunido una ..