Public Goods and Territory

The paper will attempt to demostrate the fundamental importance of public goods in the performance of any territory or economy. After discussing the concept and definition of public goods, the most important of them will be reviewed along with their degree of publicness. Their relative positions within society will also be analyzed. Finally, the relationship between private and public goods will be discussed and some conclusions will be reached as to the necessary balance and relative importance among them.

Public Goods and Territory

The paper will attempt to demostrate the fundamental importance of public goods in the performance of any territory or economy. After discussing the concept and definition of public goods, the most important of them will be reviewed along with their degree of publicness. Their relative positions within society will also be analyzed. Finally, the relationship between private and public goods will be discussed and some conclusions will be reached as to the necessary balance and relative importance among them

Innovation and Its Diffusion Among Regions:The Aeronautical Case

Information (the level of, and its rate of increase) is key for creation and diffusion of innovation and more so in an increasing interconnected world. Therefore, knowing how information is transform in innovation, who are the agents responsible for it and where and why is mostly going to happen are important questions to answer. Furthermore, besides dealing with the production of innovation we have to confront with its diffusion both, between firms within the same geographical proximity and between firms in different regions and nations. The result of this diffusion will be the formation of "innovation nodes" that will interact not only within them but, more significantly, with other faraway nodes. The increase in knowledge (information) have made possible to overcome geographical distant as a barrier to business engagement. The aeronautical sector will be the specific subject studied in this paper. It shows that in that sector, the creation and diffusion of innovation, and the proper organization of production, is accomplished with the combination of big firms (in an oligopoly market) and small and medium enterprises (SMS) in a more competitive market. A typology of innovation and diffusion by this hybrid method will be exposed and explained

Tools for managing knowledge in SMEs and laggard regions

As the biggest producers and employers of the system, in general SMEs in laggard regions need to keep pace with the expanding rate of technological change that is taking place. To achieve that goal, adequate tools must be developed to generate sufficient transfer of knowledge to those regions and SMEs. The paper will analyze past development and the current situation of Technological Institutes (TI) as a feasible tool for transfering and managing technical change in SMEs. Analyzing their characteristics and proposing how they should be related to the industrial fabric of the region will be the main output of the paper.

Tools for managing knowledge in SMEs and laggard regions

As the biggest producers and employers of the system, in general SMEs in laggard regions need to keep pace with the expanding rate of technological change that is taking place. To achieve that goal, adequate tools must be developed to generate sufficient transfer of knowledge to those regions and SMEs. The paper will analyze past development and the current situation of Technological Institutes (TI) as a feasible tool for transfering and managing technical change in SMEs. Analyzing their characteristics and proposing how they should be related to the industrial fabric of the region will be the main output of the paper

Spatial Diffusion of Civil Liberty

This paper studies the existence of spatial diffusion of civil liberty among neighboring countries. For that purpose, we first combine different exploratory space-time data analysis approaches to find that this phenomenon is spatially clustered and that a convergence process is at work among the world countries from 1985 to 2010, with a structural change by the end of the Twentieth century mainly due to the appearance of the Internet. Second, we specify a spatial autoregressive panel data model for a sample of 130 countries, for 1985–2000, and 172 countries, for 2000–2010. Results provide evidence for spatial diffusion of civil liberty, though it is not constant along this time span. The spreading rate is 0.34 in the first sub-period. After 2000, it reduces to 0.21; that is, countries only “catch” 21% of the average changes in their neighbors’ civil liberty levels. Additionally, religious culture, urban agglomeration and GDP explain the levels of civil liberties in the worl

Perlecan controls neurogenesis in the developing telencephalon

BACKGROUND: Perlecan is a proteoglycan expressed in the basal lamina of the neuroepithelium during development. Perlecan absence does not impair basal lamina assembly, although in the 55% of the mutants early disruptions of this lamina conducts to exencephaly, impairing brain development. The rest of perlecan-null brains complete its prenatal development, maintain basal lamina continuity interrupted by some isolated ectopias, and are microcephalic. Microcephaly consists of thinner cerebral walls and underdeveloped ganglionic eminences. We have studied the mechanisms that generate brain atrophy in telencephalic areas where basal lamina is intact. RESULTS: Brain atrophy in the absence of perlecan started in the ventral forebrain and extended to lateral and dorsal parts of the cortex in the following stages. First, the subpallial forebrain developed poorly in early perlecan-null embryos, because of a reduced cell proliferation: the number of cells in mitosis decreased since the early stages of development. This reduction resulted in a decreased tangential migration of interneurons to the cerebral cortex. Concomitant with the early hypoplasia observed in the medial ganglionic eminences, Sonic Hedgehog signal decreased in the perlecan-null floor plate basal lamina at E12.5. Second, neurogenesis in the pallial neuroepithelium was affected in perlecan deficient embryos. We found reductions of nearly 50% in the number of cells exiting the cell cycle at E12–E13. The labeling index, which was normal at this age, significantly decreased with advancing corticogenesis. Moreover, nestin(+ )or PCNA(+ )progenitors increased since E14.5, reaching up to about 150% of the proportion of PCNA(+ )cells in the wild-type at E17.5. Thus, labeling index reduction together with increased progenitor population, suggests that atrophy is the result of altered cell cycle progression in the cortical progenitors. Accordingly, less neurons populated the cortical plate and subplate of perlecan-null neocortex, as seen with the neuronal markers β-tubulin and Tbr1. CONCLUSION: As a component of the basal lamina, perlecan both maintains this structure and controls the response of the neuroepithelium to growth factors. Less mitotic cells in the early medial ganglionic eminences, and impaired cell cycle progression in the late neocortex, suggests insufficient recruitment and signaling by neurogenic morphogens, such as SHH or FGF2

Desarrollo de un modelo de Cuadro de Mando Integral del Colegio Romareda Agustinos Recoletos

A lo largo del siguiente trabajo se procederá a desarrollar e implementar un Cuadro de Mando Integral en un centro de educación concertada y privada de la localidad de Zaragoza. La utilización de herramientas de gestión empresarial, y mejora continua, como el Balanced Scorecard en este caso, y su adaptación a los centros educativos, se antoja esencial para satisfacer las necesidades en continuo cambio de su público objetivo. A través de una serie de análisis se intentará conocer cuáles son las características del centro educativo escogido, el Colegio Romareda Agustinos Recoletos, y se plantearán una serie de objetivos a alcanzar, a los que se asociarán diferentes indicadores para conocer su grado de éxito

Biosensors Platform Based on Chitosan/AuNPs/Phthalocyanine Composite Films for the Electrochemical Detection of Catechol. The Role of the Surface Structure

Producción CientíficaBiosensor platforms consisting of layer by layer films combining materials with different functionalities have been developed and used to obtain improved catechol biosensors. Tyrosinase (Tyr) or laccase (Lac) were deposited onto LbL films formed by layers of a cationic linker (chitosan, CHI) alternating with layers of anionic electrocatalytic materials (sulfonated copper phthalocyanine, CuPcS or gold nanoparticles, AuNP). Films with different layer structures were successfully formed. Characterization of surface roughness and porosity was carried out using AFM. Electrochemical responses towards catechol showed that the LbL composites efficiently improved the electron transfer path between Tyr or Lac and the electrode surface, producing an increase in the intensity over the response in the absence of the LbL platform. LbL structures with higher roughness and pore size facilitated the diffusion of catechol, resulting in lower LODs. The [(CHI)-(AuNP)-(CHI)-(CuPcS)]2-Tyr showed an LOD of 8.55∙10−4 μM, which was one order of magnitude lower than the 9.55·10−3 µM obtained with [(CHI)-(CuPcS)-(CHI)-(AuNP)]2-Tyr, and two orders of magnitude lower than the obtained with other nanostructured platforms. It can be concluded that the combination of adequate materials with complementary activity and the control of the structure of the platform is an excellent strategy to obtain biosensors with improved performances.Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades - Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (project RTI2018-097990-B-100)Junta de Castilla y Leon - Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (project VA275P18)Infraestructuras Red de Castilla y León (grant UVA01