2,781 research outputs found
High fidelity simulations of ion trajectories in miniature ion traps using the boundary-element method
In this paper we present numerical modeling results for endcap and linear ion
traps, used for experiments at the National Physical Laboratory in the UK and
Innsbruck University respectively. The secular frequencies for Strontium-88 and
Calcium-40 ions were calculated from ion trajectories, simulated using
boundary-element and finite-difference numerical methods. The results were
compared against experimental measurements. Both numerical methods showed high
accuracy with boundary-element method being more accurate. Such simulations can
be useful tools for designing new traps and trap arrays. They can also be used
for obtaining precise trapping parameters for desired ion control when no
analytical approach is possible as well as for investigating the ion heating
rates due to thermal electronic noise.Comment: 6 pages, 5 figures, changes made to the text according to the
editor's and referee's comment
Effects of Defects on Armatures within Helical Flux-Compression Generators
Tubes of aluminum and copper filled with C-4 high-explosive were tested during this study of the effects of explosive flaws and voids, their sizes and locations, and of the effects of armature machining tolerances on the expansion characteristics of armatures within helical flux-compression generators. Flaws and voids were introduced into the explosive fill of 6061-T6 aluminum armatures during assembly. The defects were located along the major axis of the fill, midway between the major axis and the explosive/armature interface, and at the interface. The resulting effects on armature expansion were recorded by high-speed framing camera, intensified charge-coupled display (ICCD) photography and by flash X-ray. Outer and inner surface defects were introduced into OFHC copper and 6061-T6 aluminum armatures via machining. The resulting effects during armature expansion were recorded by framing camera and by ICCD
Optical Diagnostics on Helical Flux Compression Generators
Explosively driven magnetic flux compression (MFC) has been object of research for more than three decades. Actual interest in the basic physical picture of flux compression has been heightened by a newly started Department of Defense (DoD) Multi-University Research Initiative. The emphasis is on helical flux compression generators comprising a hollow cylindrical metal liner filled with high explosives and at least one helical coil surrounding the liner. After the application of a seed current, magnetic flux is trapped and high current is generated by moving, i.e., expanding, the liner explosively along the winding of the helical coil. Several key factors involved in the temporal development can be addresses by optical diagnostics. 1) The uniformity of liner expansion is captured by framing camera photography and supplemented by laser illuminated high spatial and temporal resolution imaging. Also, X-ray flash photography is insensitive to possible image blur by shockwaves coming from the exploding liner. 2) The thermodynamic state of the shocked gas is assessed by spatially and temporally resolved emission spectroscopy. 3) The moving liner-coil contact point is a possible source of high electric losses and is preferentially monitored also by emission spectroscopy. Since optical access to the region between liner and coil is not always guaranteed, optical fibers can he used to extract light from the generator. The information so gained will give, together with detailed electrical diagnostics, more insight in the physical loss mechanisms involved in MFC
Safe-Play Knowledge, Aggression, and Head-Impact Biomechanics in Adolescent Ice Hockey Players
Addressing safe-play knowledge and player aggression could potentially improve ice hockey sport safety
Bird Use of Solar Arrays at Airports
The U.S. Federal Aviation Administration recently published guidelines for new solar array installations at airports and several airports have installed solar arrays on their properties. Although an increased reliance on solar energy will likely benefit airports from environmental and economic perspectives, it is unclear how solar arrays, which provide perches and shade, might affect bird use of airport properties. Before wide-scale establishment of solar arrays at airports, they should be studied to determine whether such changes in land use adversely affect aviation safety by increasing risk of bird-aircraft collisions. We studied bird use of five pairs of solar arrays and nearby airport grasslands in Arizona, Colorado, and Ohio over one year using 300-m walking bird survey transects surveyed 2-4 times per month from March 2011 through February 2012. Across locations, we observed 46 species of birds in airfield grasslands compared to 37 species in solar arrays. We calculated a bird hazard index (BHI) based on the mean seasonal mass of birds per area surveyed. General linear model analysis indicated that BHI was influenced by season, with greater BHI in summer than fall and winter. We found no effect of treatment (solar arrays vs. airfields), location, or interactions among predictors. However, using a nonparametric two-group test across all seasons and locations, we found greater BHI in airfield grasslands than solar arrays for those species considered especially hazardous to aircraft (species \u3e1.125 kg). Our study supports the view that solar development is generally detrimental to wildlife at the local scale and the apparent negative effects of solar energy development on bird communities could hamper efforts aimed at reconciling increases in alternative energy production with wildlife conservation. However, the relative lack of bird use of solar arrays should facilitate solar development at airports, especially in regions where solar development is most promising. Even so, our observations suggested that birds used solar arrays in summer, and to a lesser degree in spring, for shade and perches; thus, biologists and others charged with wildlife management at airports should monitor bird activity at solar arrays at times when shade and perches are most important to birds
Imaging and Demography of the Host Galaxies of High-Redshift Type Ia Supernovae
We present the results of a study of the host galaxies of high redshift Type
Ia supernovae (SNe Ia). We provide a catalog of 18 hosts of SNe Ia observed
with the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) by the High-z Supernova Search Team
(HZT), including images, scale-lengths, measurements of integrated (Hubble
equivalent) BVRIZ photometry in bands where the galaxies are brighter than m ~
25 mag, and galactocentric distances of the supernovae. We compare the
residuals of SN Ia distance measurements from cosmological fits to measurable
properties of the supernova host galaxies that might be expected to correlate
with variable properties of the progenitor population, such as host galaxy
color and position of the supernova. We find mostly null results; the current
data are generally consistent with no correlations of the distance residuals
with host galaxy properties in the redshift range 0.42 < z < 1.06. Although a
subsample of SN hosts shows a formally significant (3-sigma) correlation
between apparent V-R host color and distance residuals, the correlation is not
consistent with the null results from other host colors probed by our largest
samples. There is also evidence for the same correlations between SN Ia
properties and host type at low redshift and high redshift. These similarities
support the current practice of extrapolating properties of the nearby
population to high redshifts pending more robust detections of any correlations
between distance residuals from cosmological fits and host properties.Comment: 35 pages, 12 figures, 4 tables, accepted for publication in A
A Light Echo from Type Ia Supernova 1995E?
We identify a light echo candidate from Hubble Space Telescope (HST) imaging
of NGC 2441, the host galaxy of the Type Ia supernova 1995E. From the echo's
angular size and the estimated distance to the host galaxy, we find a distance
of 207 +/- 35 pc between the dust and the site of the supernova. If confirmed,
this echo brings the total number of observed non-historical Type Ia light
echoes to three -- the others being SN 1991T and SN 1998bu -- suggesting they
are not uncommon. We compare the properties of the known Type Ia supernova
echoes and test models of light echoes developed by Patat et al. (2005). HST
photometry of the SN 1991T echo shows a fading which is consistent with
scattering by dust distributed in a sphere or shell around the supernova. Light
echoes have the potential to answer questions about the progenitors of Type Ia
supernovae and more effort should be made for their detection given the
importance of Type Ia supernovae to measurements of dark energy.Comment: 19 pages, 4 postscript figures, 3 tables, accepted for publication in
the Ap
Constraints on Type Ib/c and GRB Progenitors
Although there is strong support for the collapsar engine as the power source
of long-duration gamma-ray bursts (GRBs), we still do not definitively know the
progenitor of these explosions. Here we review the current set of progenitor
scenarios for long-duration GRBs and the observational constraints on these
scenarios. Examining these, we find that single-star models cannot be the only
progenitor for long-duration GRBs. Several binary progenitors can match the
solid observational constraints and also have the potential to match the trends
we are currently seeing in the observations. Type Ib/c supernovae are also
likely to be produced primarily in binaries; we discuss the relationship
between the progenitors of these explosions and those of the long-duration
GRBs.Comment: 36 pages, 6 figure
L-Edge Spectroscopy of Dilute, Radiation-Sensitive Systems Using a Transition-Edge-Sensor Array
We present X-ray absorption spectroscopy and resonant inelastic X-ray
scattering (RIXS) measurements on the iron L-edge of 0.5 mM aqueous
ferricyanide. These measurements demonstrate the ability of high-throughput
transition-edge-sensor (TES) spectrometers to access the rich soft X-ray
(100-2000eV) spectroscopy regime for dilute and radiation-sensitive samples.
Our low-concentration data are in agreement with high-concentration
measurements recorded by conventional grating-based spectrometers. These
results show that soft X-ray RIXS spectroscopy acquired by high-throughput TES
spectrometers can be used to study the local electronic structure of dilute
metal-centered complexes relevant to biology, chemistry and catalysis. In
particular, TES spectrometers have a unique ability to characterize frozen
solutions of radiation- and temperature-sensitive samples.Comment: 19 pages, 4 figure
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