Proteína hemocitária relacionada ao fibrinogênio (FREP) em camarões Litopenaeus vannamei: expressão gênica após desafios microbianos e durante o desenvolvimento larval

Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e do Desenvolvimento, Florianópolis, 2016.Proteínas relacionadas ao fibrinogênio (FREPs) compreendem uma grande família gênica envolvidas no reconhecimento microbiano e atuam em muitas funções biológicas nos animais vertebrados e invertebrados. Pesquisas em banco de dados de sequências não anotadas (EST) apresentaram uma sequência homóloga de FREP-like de L. vannamei denominada no presente estudo como LvFrep. A sequência obtida possui um domínio conservado relacionado com o fibrinogênio (FReD) e apresenta similaridade com as proteínas FREP-like de outros invertebrados e ficolinas de crustáceos. A expressão de LvFrep mostrou-se majoritária nos hemócitos circulantes e foi constitutivamente expresso nos hemócitos de camarões apenas em resposta a uma infecção por Vibrio harveyi, mas não para o vírus da síndrome da mancha branca (WSSV). Além disso, níveis transcricionais de LvFrep foram detectados no início do desenvolvimento, desde os ovos fertilizados, sugerindo que este gene relacionado a imunidade possa participar nas defesas antimicrobianas durante o desenvolvimento do camarão.Abstract : Fibrinogen-related proteins (FREPs) comprise a large family of microbial recognition proteins involved in many biological functions in both vertebrate and invertebrate animals. By taking advantage of publicly accessible databases, we have identified a FREP-like homolog in the most cultivated penaeid shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei (LvFrep). The obtained sequence showed a conserved fibrinogen-related domain (FReD) and displayed significant similarities to FREP-like proteins from other invertebrates and to ficolins from crustaceans. The expression of LvFrep appeared to be limited to circulating hemocytes. Interestingly, LvFrep gene expression was induced in shrimp hemocytes only in response to a Vibrio infection but not to the White spot syndrome virus (WSSV). Moreover, LvFrep transcript levels were detected early in fertilized eggs, suggesting the participation of this immune-related gene in the antimicrobial defenses during shrimp development

Impact of thermal fluctuation on the response of Pacific White Shrimp to infection with the White spot syndrome Virus: Impacto da flutuação térmica sobre a resposta do Camarão-Branco-do-Pacífico frente à infecção com o vírus da Mancha Branca

This study evaluated the effect of thermal fluctuation on the susceptibility of Pacific White Shrimp to infection with the White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV). The shrimps were divided into two treatments: infected and subjected to thermal fluctuation from 28°C to 18°C for 48 h and back to 28°C (TF); and infected and kept at a constant temperature of 28°C (CT)

Management of severe diarrhea in an AIDS patient with inflammatory bowel disease with Short Bowel Syndrome

Introduction: The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) can lead to a loss of lymphoid tissue through the intestinal mucosa, making the intestine susceptible to infections and inflammation. As a result, the patient may present with Crohn's Disease (CD), a chronic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Short Bowel Syndrome (SBS) results from loss of bowel absorption capacity after extensive bowel resection and is associated with several complications. Objective: To report the case of a patient presenting with acute chronic diarrhea, of probable multifactorial etiology, secondary to HIV, CD, and SBS. Methods: The information contained in this report was obtained through a review of the medical record and a review of the literature. Case Report: This is the report of E. F. C, male, 49 years old, who was admitted to the ICU of Hospital Ernesto Dornelles, in Porto Alegre, from 12/04/2020 to 01/07/2021, with HIV, CD, and SBS. The patient was admitted complaining of diarrhea that had started 15 days ago, which had worsened in the last 7 days, with loss of appetite, vomiting episodes, and mental confusion. Using empirical Lamivudine, Zidovudine, Tenofovir, Ciprofloxacin and Metronidazole, Methotrexate and Prednisone. On physical examination, he was sleepy, afebrile, with a normotensive abdomen, severe dehydration, and edema 3+/4+. From anthropometry, the measured weight of 50 kg, reported height of 1.70 m, and BMI of 17 kg/m2. On laboratory tests, he had severe pancytopenia and electrolyte disturbances. Although the cause of diarrhea was not clarified, bowel rest and the use of glutamine and enteral symbiotic were chosen, while treating HIV and CD, to improve enterocyte nutrition and reduce bacterial translocation capable of causing septic conditions. Despite this, diarrhea was untreatable, mean greater than 1,000 ml/day, with indication, but without the possibility of total parenteral nutrition, due to thrombocytopenia. On 12/06, E. F. C was in poor general condition, anasarca, tachycardic, hypotensive, treating septicemia caused by Candida tropicalis. On 12/07, he presented no spontaneous breathing, absence of central pulses and pupillary reflexes, opted not to institute invasive measures, and died. Final Considerations: The report highlights the need to cover IBD and opportunistic infections in the differential diagnosis of diarrhea in AIDS patients with CD and SBS. It also demonstrates the challenge of nurturing the patient who does not have conditions for enteral and/or parenteral nutrition, with a high risk of malnutrition due to the catabolism of such pathologies

Nutritional support in a patient with Cytomegalovirus (CMV) enterocolitis in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)

Introduction: Several diseases of the gastrointestinal tract should be taken into account in patients with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) since diarrhea negatively affects the patient's quality of life. Given this condition, Cytomegalovirus (CMV) enterocolitis may present with fever, weight loss, intermittent diarrhea, and hematochezia. Objective: This study aimed to report the effect of enteral supplementation with L-glutamine and oligomeric enteral nutritional therapy (ENT) formula in patients with cytomegalovirus, and with refractory diarrhea associated with wasting HIV syndrome. Methods: The information contained in this report was obtained through a review of the medical record and a review of the literature. Results: This is the report of S. S. A, a female, 27 years old, who was admitted to Hospital Ernesto Dornelles, in Porto Alegre, from 11/15/2020 to 12/30/2020, diagnosed with HIV for a month, without undergoing treatment. The patient was hospitalized due to worsening abdominal pain starting 2 days ago, with diarrhea and mental confusion. On physical examination, she presented pain in the lower abdominal region. From anthropometry, the measured weight of 67kg, the self-reported height of 1.67m, and BMI of 24kg/m2. On 11/17, she presented PCR-CMV positive for CMV and underwent laparotomy for pneumoperitoneum with endarterectomy due to perforation of the distal ileum. In use of ganciclovir for CMV. On December 2, the upper digestive endoscopy with biopsy showed an esophagus with the Z-line located close to the diaphragmatic clamping, with esophageal mucosa with extensive, friable, serpiginous ulcers, being a valuable diagnosis in CMV enterocolitis. From 12/04 to 12/08, she used exclusive enteral L-glutamine 20g/day. On 12/09, she started an oligomeric formula via the low-flow enteral route with progression to the caloric and protein targets. On 12/30, the patient had improved diarrhea, with a depressible and painless abdomen, and had been discharged. Final Considerations: In the present report, it was obtained a beneficial effect with the nutritional intervention using L-glutamine and enteral oligomeric formula in the treatment of diarrhea. Thus, the improvement in the condition in just 5 days can be explained by the rhythm of the enterocyte cell cycle, which occurs in an average period of 3 days, and it is possible that the 4 day period of nutritional intervention is sufficient to increase endogenous levels of L-glutamine

DETECÇÃO DE ANTICORPOS CONTRA LEPTOSPIROSE EM SORO DE CAPRINOS PELO TESTE DE SOROAGLUTINAÇÃO MICROSCÓPICA (SAM) EM CONTRASTE DE FASE

A leptospirose é uma zoonose de distribuição cosmopolita de grande importância zoonótica, que acomete animais de todas as espécies, ocasionada pelo contato direto ou indireto com urina de animais infectados. O diagnóstico baseia-se na pesquisa de aglutininas anti-leptospira em soro de animais suspeitos, utilizando microscopia em contraste de fase ou campo escuro. O presente trabalho objetivou identificar sorogrupos de leptospiras predominantes em caprinos pelo método de soroaglutinação por meio da microscopia de contraste de fase. Foram analisados 38 soros de caprinos com e sem sintomas, pela Soroaglutinação Microscópica (SAM), submetidos a uma bateria com 23 sorovares de Leptospira. Obteve-se um resultado na triagem na qual todas as 38 amostras foram reagentes para os 23 sorogrupos. Na titulação verificou-se que os sorogrupos predominantes foram hardjobovis, copenhagen, butembo, bratislava e tarassovi, confirmando dados descritos na literatura que ratificam a presença desses sorogrupos na espécie caprina

Virulence in Murine Model Shows the Existence of Two Distinct Populations of Brazilian Vaccinia virus Strains

Brazilian Vaccinia virus had been isolated from sentinel mice, rodents and recently from humans, cows and calves during outbreaks on dairy farms in several rural areas in Brazil, leading to high economic and social impact. Some phylogenetic studies have demonstrated the existence of two different populations of Brazilian Vaccinia virus strains circulating in nature, but little is known about their biological characteristics. Therefore, our goal was to study the virulence pattern of seven Brazilian Vaccinia virus strains. Infected BALB/c mice were monitored for morbidity, mortality and viral replication in organs as trachea, lungs, heart, kidneys, liver, brain and spleen. Based on the virulence potential, the Brazilian Vaccinia virus strains were grouped into two groups. One group contained GP1V, VBH, SAV and BAV which caused disease and death in infected mice and the second one included ARAV, GP2V and PSTV which did not cause any clinical signals or death in infected BALB/c mice. The subdivision of Brazilian Vaccinia virus strains into two groups is in agreement with previous genetic studies. Those data reinforce the existence of different populations circulating in Brazil regarding the genetic and virulence characteristics

Síndromes anêmicas: uma abordagem fisiopatológica sobre as principais considerações clínicas / Anemic syndromes: a pathophysiological approach to key clinical considerations

O seguinte artigo é uma revisão narrativa de literatura fundamentada nas plataformas do SciELO, LILACS, Pubmed, Google Acadêmico e Brazilian Journal of Health Review no período de janeiro a março de 2022. Atualmente, a anemia é algo que não é investigado sobre a sua etiologia e  sujeita a negligência, muitos pacientes são vítimas dos riscos de hemotransfusão e até privados de tratarem doenças que seriam possivelmente de manejo mais simples se detectadas precocemente. O seguinte artigo objetivou descrever as principais considerações sobre as síndrome anêmicas, em especial em sua  fisiopatologia e implicações clínicas. A temática de síndromes anêmicas é um tema complexo, que possui várias etiologias, apresentações clínicas, sintomatologias e meios diagnósticos. A terapêutica é focada em investigar o fator etiológico de base e simultaneamente tratar as implicações e aliviar o quadro clínico. Logo, o estudo em questão narra de modo detalhado a fisiopatologia da anemia e aborda as principais síndromes anêmicas para a clínica médica.

Efeitos de um composto fenólico, alga verde e probiótico como aditivo alimentar para o camarão-branco-do-pacífico

Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Aquicultura, Florianópolis, 2022.O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito de diferentes aditivos alimentares na dieta do camarão-branco-do-pacífico. Para isso foram realizados dois experimentos, sendo que no primeiro foram avaliados o efeito in vitro do carvacrol contra diferentes bactérias patógenas de importância na carcinicultura e o seu efeito in vivo no desempenho zootécnico, imunológico, microbiológico e na resistência de Litopenaeus vannamei desafiados com Vibrio parahaemolyticus. A atividade antimicrobiana do carvacrol foi realizada in vitro pela análise da concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) e por difusão em ágar, com bactérias Gram-negativas e Gram-positivas. Para o experimento in vivo foram adicionadas diferentes concentrações do carvacrol (1, 3, 4 e 6 mg mL-1) na alimentação dos camarões e uma dieta controle, sem aditivo, por quatro semanas. No segundo experimento foi avaliado o efeito in vivo da macroalga Ulva ohnoi isoladamente e em conjunto com o probiótico Lactobacillus plantarum no desempenho zootécnico, imunológico, microbiológico, na sobrevivência de L. vannamei desafiados com V. parahaemolyticus e ao choque de resistência térmica a temperatura de 11,5 ± 0,1°C. Durante seis semanas os animais foram alimentados com uma dieta controle, sem aditivos, e as demais dietas contendo os mesmos ingredientes, foram suplementadas com 2% da biomassa seca da alga e/ou probiótico na concentração de 1,7 x 108 UFC mL-1 por grama de ração. No primeiro experimento, as diferenças estatísticas foram encontrados apenas nos testes in vitro no qual a CIM do carvacrol para Vibrio alginolyticus e Vibrio harveyi foi de 0,078 mg mL-1, enquanto nas demais bactérias foi de 0,156 mg mL-1. Já os maiores halos de inibição foram observados em V. parahaemolyticus e V. harveyi e demonstraram diferença significativa em relação aos demais microrganismos, exceto Escherichia coli. No segundo experimento, após o desafio com V. parahaemolyticus, houve diferença significativa entre os grupos controle e alga e controle e probiótico, sendo que os animais suplementados apenas com alga apresentaram maior taxa de mortalidade (92,5%), seguidos dos suplementados com probiótico (90%), alga + probiótico (87,5%) e controle (65%). Os tratamentos controle e alga também demonstraram diferença significativa na resistência ao choque térmico, sendo que os animais tratados com a dieta controle apresentaram maior taxa de mortalidade (37,5%), seguido dos tratamentos com alga + probiótico (32,5%), probiótico (27,5%) e alga (22,5%). De forma geral, o carvacrol e a alga, utilizados como aditivo alimentar, não afetaram os demais parâmetros avaliados. Em conclusão, a atividade antimicrobiana do carvacrol foi confirmada com bactérias Gram-negativas e Gram-positivas e sugere-se que seu potencial antimicrobiano seja mais eficaz contra Vibrio spp. Já a inclusão de U. ohnoi na dieta de L. vannamei demonstrou efeito positivo na resistência ao choque térmico, mas não demonstrou proteção contra a infecção causada pelo V. parahaemolyticus. Contudo, o seu uso combinado com L. plantarum não exerceu nenhum efeito sinérgico ou antagônico nos demais parâmetros avaliados.Abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different food additives on the Pacific white shrimp diet. For this, two experiments were carried out, the first one evaluating the in vitro effect of carvacrol against different microorganisms of importance in shrimp farming and it's in vivo effect on zootechnical, immunological, microbiological and resistance performance of Litopenaeus vannamei challenged with Vibrio parahaemolyticus. The antimicrobial activity of carvacrol was performed in vitro by minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and agar diffusion analysis with Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. For the in vivo experiment, different concentrations of carvacrol (1, 3, 4, and 6 mg mL-1) were added to the shrimp feed and a control diet, without additive, for four weeks. The second experiment evaluated the in vivo effect of the macroalgae Ulva ohnoi alone and together with the probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum on the performance of zootechnical, immunological, microbiological, survival of L. vannamei challenged with V. parahaemolyticus and to the thermal resistance shock at a temperature of 11.5 ± 0.1°C. For six weeks the animals were fed a control diet, without additives, and the other diets containing the same ingredients were supplemented with 2% of dry seaweed biomass and/or probiotic at a concentration of 1.7 x 108 CFU mL-1. In the first experiment, statistical differences were found only in the in vitro tests in which the MIC of carvacrol for Vibrio alginolyticus and Vibrio harveyi was 0.078 mg mL-1, while in the other bacteria it was 0.156 mg mL-1 of carvacrol. The largest inhibition halos were observed in V. parahaemolyticus and V. harveyi and showed significant differences from other microorganisms, except for Escherichia coli. In the second experiment, after the challenge with V. parahaemolyticus, there was a significant difference between the control and seaweed and control and probiotic groups, and the animals supplemented with seaweed alone had a higher mortality rate (92.5%), followed by those supplemented with probiotic (90%), seaweed + probiotic (87.5%) and control (65%). The control and seaweed treatments also showed a significant difference in resistance to heat shock, and the animals treated with the control diet had a higher mortality rate (37.5%), followed by treatments with seaweed + probiotic (32.5%). probiotic (27.5%) and seaweed (22.5%). In general, carvacrol and seaweed, used as food additives, did not affect the other parameters evaluated. In conclusion, the antimicrobial activity of carvacrol was confirmed with Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria and it is suggested that its antimicrobial potential is more effective against Vibrio spp. The inclusion of U. ohnoi in the diet of L. vannamei did not show protection against infection caused by V. parahaemolyticus, but showed better resistance to heat shock. However, its combined use with L. plantarum did not exert any synergistic or antagonistic effect on the evaluated parameters