Resistance exercise load reduction and exercise-induced micro-damage

High volumes of resistance exercise increase muscle hypertrophy, independent of the extent of muscle damage. We compared volume load and markers of muscle damage after resistance exercise using two load reduction strategies versus a constant intensity. Methods: Twenty-seven trained men (age = 23.4±3.5 years, body mass = 74.5±10.7 Kg, height = 174±8 cm, 10 RM = 211±40 Kg) completed one weekly bout of 4 sets of leg press exercise under three loading schemes in a randomized, counterbalanced order over a three-week period. The loading schemes were (a) constant load for all sets (CON), (b) 5% load reduction after each set (LR5), and (c) 10% load reduction after each set (LR10). Volume load, muscle soreness (SOR), and range of motion (ROM) at the knee were assessed after each bout. Results: Volume load was significantly different amongst all conditions (CON = 6799±1583 Kg; LR5 = 8753±1789 Kg; 10896±2262 Kg; F=31,731; p<0.001). ROM and SOR were significantly different among conditions, with LR5 and LR10 producing greater preservations of ROM (p =<0.001) and less SOR (p < 0.001). These data may support the use of load reductions when training for hypertrophy

Contribuições de oficinas temáticas para formação inicial de professores de química

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Oral delivery of fish oil in oil-in-water nanoemulsion : development, colloidal stability and modulatory effect on in vivo inflammatory induction in mice

To improve the oral absorption of fish oil and test its anti-inflammatory effect, a fish oil nanoemulsion was developed using cis-4,7,10,13,16,19-docosahexaenoic fatty acid as a biomarker for oral administration. The colloidal stability tests of the fish oil nanoemulsion showed an average size of 155.44 nm ± 6.46 (4 °C); 163.04 nm ± 9.97 (25 °C) and polydispersity index 0.22 ± 0.02 (4 °C), 0.21 ± 0.02 (25 °C), indicating systems with low polydispersity and stable droplets. The fish oil nanoemulsion did not alter the cell viability of the RAW 264.7 macrophages and, at a concentration of 0.024 mg/mL, was kinetically incorporated into the cells after 18 h of contact. The nanoemulsion was maintained in the gastrointestinal region for a significantly shorter period of time (p ≤ 0.05) compared to the intake of fish oil in free form. Inflammatory tests demonstrated that nanoemulsion and fish oil showed less (p ≤ 0.05) neutrophil infiltration after 24h of sepsis induction and there was a significant reduction (p ≤ 0.05) in the volume of paw edema in female adult Balb/c mice who received the nanoemulsion diet compared to the other experimental groups (control, formalin, fish oil and sunflower oil). These results indicate that the fish oil nanoemulsion was significantly effective in the dietary conditions tested here, presenting satisfactory responses in the modulation of inflammatory disorders, demonstrating interesting and beneficial nutraceutical effects

SARS-CoV-2 reinfection caused by the P.1 lineage in Araraquara city, Sao Paulo State, Brazil

Reinfection by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-COV-2) has been reported in many countries, suggesting that the virus may continue to circulate among humans despite the possibility of local herd immunity due to massive previous infections. The emergence of variants of concern (VOC) that are more transmissible than the previous circulating ones has raised particular concerns on the vaccines effectiveness and reinfection rates. The P.1 lineage was first identified in December 2020 in Manaus city and is now globally spread. We report the first case of reinfection of SARS-CoV-2 caused by the P.1 variant outside of Manaus. The potential of these new variants to escape naturally and vaccine- induced immunity highlights the need for a global vigilance

Alternative Biodefensive based on the Essential Oil from Allium sativum Encapsulated in PCL/Gelatin Nanoparticles

The goal of this paper was to develop a biodegradable system containing the essential oil from Allium sativum bulbs encapsulated in PCL/gelatin-based nanoparticles, as well as evaluate its efficiency to control Aedes aegypti Linn. larvae and Cerataphis lataniae Bois. aphids. The essential oil was analyzed by GC-FID and GC-MS, and six compounds were identified, representing 93.1% of the total oil. The major compounds were diallyl trisulfide (51.8%), diallyl disulfide (23.2%) and allyl methyl trisulfide (13.6%). The PCL/gelatin-based nanoparticles containing this essential oil exhibited encapsulation efficiency higher than 94%, average particle diameter around 200 nm and zeta potential values about&nbsp;-36 mV. The essential oil presented no antioxidant nor enzymatic activities, so its effectiveness might be explained by the presence of sulfur compounds. The release kinetics of the encapsulated essential oil confirmed the release mechanism by the Fick's Law. About 50% of the encapsulated essential oil was released after 1 h, and about 90% was released after 50 h. This behavior is interesting from the technological point of view since the nanoparticles released as much oil as possible in a short period of time and then the lethal dosages were maintained along the time. Nanoparticles containing the encapsulated essential oil was submitted to in vitro bioassays against A. aegypti and C. lataniae and showed 100% of mortality against larvae and aphids up to 24 h. In conclusion, the essential oil from A. sativum presented effectiveness to be applied in sustainable management of pests in greenhouses, as well as for larvicidal control

Whole-genome sequencing of 1,171 elderly admixed individuals from Brazil

As whole-genome sequencing (WGS) becomes the gold standard tool for studying population genomics and medical applications, data on diverse non-European and admixed individuals are still scarce. Here, we present a high-coverage WGS dataset of 1,171 highly admixed elderly Brazilians from a census-based cohort, providing over 76 million variants, of which ~2 million are absent from large public databases. WGS enables identification of ~2,000 previously undescribed mobile element insertions without previous description, nearly 5 Mb of genomic segments absent from the human genome reference, and over 140 alleles from HLA genes absent from public resources. We reclassify and curate pathogenicity assertions for nearly four hundred variants in genes associated with dominantly-inherited Mendelian disorders and calculate the incidence for selected recessive disorders, demonstrating the clinical usefulness of the present study. Finally, we observe that whole-genome and HLA imputation could be significantly improved compared to available datasets since rare variation represents the largest proportion of input from WGS. These results demonstrate that even smaller sample sizes of underrepresented populations bring relevant data for genomic studies, especially when exploring analyses allowed only by WGS

Design and synthesis of new benzophenone derivatives with in vivo anti-inflammatory activity through dual inhibition of edema and neutrophil recruitment.

A series of novel benzophenone derivatives containing a thiazole heterocyclic nucleus were designed by molecular hybridization. Molecular docking studies have demonstrated the inhibitory potential of the designed compounds against cyclooxygenase (COX) isoenzymes. These compounds were synthesized, characterized, and evaluated for their anti-inflammatory properties by the croton oil-induced ear edema assay to examine their effect on both prostaglandin (PG) production and neutrophils recruitment. The thiazole derivatives displayed a potent effect in terms of reducing ear edema. The analysis suggested that the presence of 4-phenyl-2-hydrazinothiazole and the absence of C40 -OCH3 on the benzophenone derivative structure are strongly related to the inhibition of PG production. In addition, the derivatives 2e, 3a and 3c concomitantly inhibit PG production and neutrophil recruitment, which may be a mechanism of action better than of common NSAIDs due to their inability to inhibit the neutrophil recruitment. Thus, these compounds can be considered as potential lead compounds toward the development of new anti-inflammatory drugs with an innovating mechanism of actio