12 research outputs found

    Climat, environnement et sociétés de la Préhistoire du sud tunisien: résultats préliminaires et perspectives de la recherche

    Get PDF
    We present the preliminary results of a Tunisian-Italian project of scientific collaboration in the field of environmental studies and prehistoric and anthropological research in southern Tunisia ruled by an interdisciplinary approach that includes geo-archeology, geochronology, geochemistry, palynology, paleoanthropology and population genetics. The research area is south of the Chott el Jerid and its surroundings, where the major physiographic feature is a large playa which contained one of the mega lakes that existed in the Sahara during wet periods in the late Quaternary. The region is a pivotal area between the Mediterranean and the Sahara, then favorable to study the cultural diffusion and humans displacements through different periods and environments.Nous prĂ©sentons les rĂ©sultats prĂ©liminaires d'un projet Tuniso-Italien de collaboration scientifique dans le domaine des Ă©tudes environnementales et de la recherche prĂ©historique et anthropologique en Tunisie mĂ©ridionale menĂ© selon une approche interdisciplinaire qui comprend la gĂ©o-archĂ©ologie, la gĂ©ochronologie, la gĂ©ochimie, la palynologie, la palĂ©oanthropologie et la gĂ©nĂ©tique. La zone de recherche se trouve au sud du Chott el JĂ©rid  et ses environs. Il s’agit d’une zone caractĂ©risĂ©e par la prĂ©sence de l’un des mĂ©ga lacs qui existaient dans le Sahara pendant les pĂ©riodes humides Ă  la fin du Quaternaire. La rĂ©gion est une zone charniĂšre entre la MĂ©diterranĂ©e et le Sahara, donc favorable Ă  l’étude des diffusions culturelles et des dĂ©placements humains Ă  travers les diffĂ©rentes pĂ©riodes et environnements. Nous prĂ©sentons les rĂ©sultats prĂ©liminaires d’un projet Tuniso-Italien de collaboration scientifique dans le domaine des Ă©tudes environnementales et de la recherche prĂ©historique et anthropologique en Tunisie mĂ©ridionale menĂ© selon une approche interdisciplinaire qui comprend la gĂ©o-archĂ©ologie, la gĂ©ochronologie, la gĂ©ochimie, la palynologie, la palĂ©oanthropologie et la gĂ©nĂ©tique. La zone de recherche se trouve au sud du Chott el JĂ©rid et ses environs. Il s’agit d’une zone caractĂ©risĂ©e par la prĂ©sence de l’un des mĂ©ga lacs qui existaient dans le Sahara pendant les pĂ©riodes humides Ă  la fin du Quaternaire. La rĂ©gion est une zone charniĂšre entre la MĂ©diterranĂ©e et le Sahara, donc favorable Ă  l’étude des diffusions culturelles et des dĂ©placements humains Ă  travers les diffĂ©rentes pĂ©riodes et environnements.We present the preliminary results of a Tunisian-Italian project of scientific collaboration in the field of environmental studies and prehistoric and anthropological research in southern Tunisia ruled by an interdisciplinary approach that includes geo-archeology, geochronology, geochemistry, palynology, paleoanthropology and population genetics. The research area is south of the Chott el Jerid and its surroundings, where the major physiographic feature is a large playa which contained one of the mega lakes that existed in the Sahara during wet periods in the late Quaternary. The region is a pivotal area between the Mediterranean and the Sahara, then favorable to study the cultural diffusion and humans displacements through different periods and environments

    Holocene paleoenvironments and human impact under arid climate : modern and fossil pollen data from the paralic complex of Bahiret el Bibane (southern Tunisia)

    No full text
    Cette Ă©tude vise Ă  reconstituer les paysages et les palĂ©oclimats holocĂšnes des marges dĂ©sertiques de la Tunisie mĂ©ridionale. Elle se fonde sur les donnĂ©es de la pluie pollinique actuelle et les donnĂ©es polliniques holocĂšnes de la Sebkha Boujmel et de Bahiret el Bibane, complĂ©tĂ©es par des datations 14C et l’analyse de la fraction argileuse du sĂ©diment. La relation pollen/vĂ©gĂ©tation/climat est Ă©laborĂ©e Ă  partir d’échantillons de surface au sol recueillis le long du rĂ©seau hydrographique et Ă  la surface de la Sebkha Boujmel et de Bahiret el Bibane. Les rĂ©sultats obtenus indiquent une bonne reprĂ©sentation des Ă©cosystĂšmes rĂ©gionaux Ă  la surface de ces rĂ©ceptacles. La variabilitĂ© spatiale des spectres polliniques traduit bien les gradients d’humiditĂ© climatique et Ă©daphique selon deux axes nord-sud et est-ouest. L’étude de l’influence des Ă©vĂ©nements d’inondations sur la concentration et la composition des spectres polliniques, Ă  partir d’une carotte couvrant le dernier siĂšcle (BL12-10), ne rĂ©vĂšle pas des modifications majeures des spectres polliniques guidĂ©s par les Ă©vĂšnements d’inondation. Les donnĂ©es palĂ©oĂ©cologiques sont obtenues Ă  partir de l’analyse pollinique de deux carottes, BJM2 dans la Sebkha Boujmel et BL12-7 dans la Bahiret el Bibane. La sĂ©quence BJM2 couvrant les 8 deniers millĂ©naires est complĂ©tĂ©e par l’analyse de la composition de la fraction argileuse du sĂ©diment modulĂ© par les dynamiques de mobilisation des sables dĂ©sertiques. L’ensemble des donnĂ©es est intĂ©grĂ© dans un modĂšle Ăąge-profondeur issu de 11 datations 14 C AMS. La tendance climatique millĂ©naire en Tunisie mĂ©ridionale au cours de l’HolocĂšne moyen et supĂ©rieur indique une aridification croissante Ă  partir de 5,7 ka, en accord avec les changements des paramĂštres orbitaux et de l’insolation et l’épisode d’ariditĂ© enregistrĂ© au sud de la MĂ©diterranĂ©e Ă  la fin de la PĂ©riode Humide Africaine. Cette aridification s’achĂšve vers 3 ka avec la mise en place des Ă©cosystĂšmes vĂ©gĂ©taux prĂ©dĂ©sertiques et des Ă©vĂ©nements climatiques rapides dĂ©sormais synchrones des Ă©vĂ©nements de refroidissement Nord Atlantique. La biogĂ©ographie rĂ©gionale montre la prĂ©sence d’une vĂ©gĂ©tation arborĂ©e mĂ©diterranĂ©enne sur le relief et une steppe graminĂ©enne sur les piedmonts et dans la plaine au cours des phases humides de l’HolocĂšne moyen. Les changements de la vĂ©gĂ©tation jusqu’à 3ka sont largement modulĂ©s par l’aridification climatique et l’impact anthropique demeure limitĂ©. A partir du 3Ăšme siĂšcle BC, l’enregistrement d’Olea et de Vitis marque l’intensification de l’impact anthropique, Ă  travers l’agriculture, qui se superpose Ă  celui des sociĂ©tĂ©s pastorales au cours des pĂ©riodes Punique et Romaine. L’impact anthropique s’observe ensuite par phases rĂ©currentes d’intensification engendrant des modifications dans les paysages vĂ©gĂ©taux, en particulier entre 850 AD et 1150 AD avec une augmentation des taux de l’armoise ainsi qu’au cours du 20Ăšme siĂšcle. Cette derniĂšre pĂ©riode enregistre une importante dĂ©gradation des environnements locaux traduisant les changements socio-Ă©conomiques des sociĂ©tĂ©s avec la sĂ©dentarisation et les dĂ©veloppements du pastoralisme et de l’agriculture.This study aims at reconstructing the Holocene landscapes and palaeoclimates of the desert margins of southern Tunisia. It is based on the study of modern pollen rain and Holocene pollen data from Sebkha Boujmel and Bahiret el Bibane, supplemented by 14C dates and sediment clay mineralogy. The pollen/vegetation/climate relationship is based on soil surface samples collected along the hydrographic network and on the surface of Sebkha Boujmel and Bahiret el Bibane. The obtained results indicate a good representation of the regional ecosystems on the surface of the Sebkha and the lagoon. The spatial variability of pollen spectra clearly reflects climatic and edaphic humidity gradients along two north-south and east-west axes. The study of the influence of flood events on the concentration and composition of pollen spectra from a core spanning the last century (BL12-10) does not reveal major changes in pollen spectra triggered by these flooding events. Paleoecological data are obtained from the pollen analysis of two cores, BJM2 in Sebkha Boujmel and BL12-7 in Bahiret el Bibane. The BJM2 sequence spanning the last 8 millennium is supplemented by clay mineralogical analysis of the sediment related to the dynamics of desert sand mobilization and by the integration of the data in an age-depth model based on 11 14C AMS dates. During the Middle and Upper Holocene, the millennial climate trend in Southern Tunisia indicates increased aridity from 5.7 ka, in accordance with changes in orbital and insolation parameters and increased aridity recorded in the southern Mediterranean after the African Humid Period. This aridity trends ends at ca 3 ka with the establishment of pre-desert plant ecosystems and Rapid Climate Changes henceforth synchronous of North Atlantic cooling events. Regional biogeography shows the presence of Mediterranean vegetation on the mountains and a grassy steppe on the piedmonts and the plain during the humid phases of the Middle Holocene. Changes in vegetation up to 3ka are largely modulated by climatic aridification while the anthropogenic impact remains limited. From the 3rd century BC, the record of Olea and Vitis indicates an intensification of the anthropogenic impact through agriculture, which is superimposed on that of the pastoral societies during the Punic and Roman periods. The anthropogenic impact thus marks phases of intensification that cause changes in plant landscapes especially between 850 AD and 1150 AD with an increase in wormwood, and during the 20th century. The latter period shows a significant degradation of local environments reflecting the socio-economic changes of local societies with sedentism and intensive pastoralism and agriculture

    Pollen-Based Landscape Reconstruction and Land-Use History Since 6000 BC along the Margins of the Southern Tunisian Desert

    No full text
    International audienc

    Apport de l’analyse pollinique des sĂ©diments de la sebkha Boujmel (Sud-Est tunisien) Ă  la reconstitution des palĂ©opaysages et palĂ©oclimats holocĂšnes en milieu aride

    No full text
    Une analyse palynologique a Ă©tĂ© menĂ©e sur les dĂ©pĂŽts de l’HolocĂšne moyen et supĂ©rieur ainsi que sur des Ă©chantillons de surface de la sebkha Boujmel. Les rĂ©sultats prĂ©liminaires montrent une importante diversitĂ© vĂ©gĂ©tale et enregistrent les rĂ©ponses de la vĂ©gĂ©tation au changement climatique et Ă  l’impact des activitĂ©s humaines. Entre 7 000 et 4 000 cal. BP, la prĂ©sence d’une steppe graminĂ©enne dans la plaine de Jeffara et d’une strate de taxons xĂ©rophytes-mĂ©diterranĂ©ens sur les reliefs proches reflĂštent les conditions climatiques plus humides de l’HolocĂšne moyen. L’impact anthropique demeure trĂšs limitĂ© et les modifications de la vĂ©gĂ©tation seraient plutĂŽt d’origine climatique. L’aridification observĂ©e Ă  partir de la transition HolocĂšne moyen-supĂ©rieur engendre un recul des Ă©lĂ©ments mĂ©diterranĂ©ens et une progression de l’armoise et des taxons dĂ©sertiques. Les Ă©chantillons de surface reflĂštent des changements environnementaux marquĂ©s par l’essor des Ă©cosystĂšmes dĂ©sertiques, l’importance de l’olivier et une pression anthropique accrue sur les Ă©cosystĂšmes locaux. Ces enregistrements polliniques soulignent la complexitĂ© de la dynamique de l’Armoise, ainsi que l’absence d’indices d’une steppe Ă  Acacia en Tunisie prĂ©saharienne au cours de l’HolocĂšne.Pollen analyses are undertaken on Mid- to Late Holocene sediments and on surface samples from the sebkha Boujmel. Preliminary results highlight vegetation changes with large pollen taxonomic diversity and the vegetation response to both palaeoclimate change and human impact. From ca. 7000 to 4000 cal. BP, during the humid Mid‑Holocene episode, a grass steppe was widespread in the Jeffara coastal plain while a Mediterranean shrub covered the mountainous hinterland. At that time, human impact remains limited and major vegetation changes were triggered by climate forcing. At the Mid- to Late Holocene transition, the decrease of Mediterranean vegetation and both spreads of Artemisia and desert taxa may be related to increasing aridity. The surface samples reflect how human pressure is responsible for modern landscapes. The desert taxa develop while Olea and other pollen indicators attest to the increasing human activity on local ecosystems. Furthermore, pollen records stress the complex Artemisia dynamic and point to the lack of evidence towards an Acacia steppe in the southern pre-Saharan Tunisia during the Holocene

    D’une rive Ă  l’autre : les courants d’échanges transmĂ©diterranĂ©ens Ă  l'HolocĂšne

    No full text
    International audienceL’étude des derniers groupes MĂ©solithiques, de l’implantation et du dĂ©veloppement du NĂ©olithique dans le bassin occidental de la MĂ©diterranĂ©e a bĂ©nĂ©ficiĂ©, au cours des derniĂšres dĂ©cennies, d’une continuitĂ© de recherches principalement focalisĂ©es sur les zones littorales europĂ©ennes. Les recherches rĂ©centes conduites en Afrique du Nord ont montrĂ© que, dans les deux rives de la MĂ©diterranĂ©e, le MĂ©solithique semble se dĂ©velopper et Ă©voluer d’une maniĂšre presque simultanĂ©e au dĂ©but du 7Ăšme millĂ©naire cal B.C. C’est ainsi qu’il est important d’étudier le MĂ©solithique de la rive sud de la MĂ©diterranĂ©e, principalement le Capsien, et ses relations avec la rive nord au cours de cette pĂ©riode, et pour laquelle un grand effort de datations est en cours de rĂ©alisation essentiellement en Tunisie dans le cadre de plusieurs collaborations internationales

    D’une rive Ă  l’autre : les courants d’échanges transmĂ©diterranĂ©ens Ă  l'HolocĂšne

    No full text
    International audienceThe study of the last Mesolithic populations, the establishment and development of the Neolithic in the western Mediterranean basin has benefited, over the past decades, from a continuity of research mainly focused on European coastal areas. Recent research conducted in North Africa has shown that, on both shores of the Mediterranean, the Mesolithic seems to develop and evolve almost simultaneously at the beginning of the 7th millennium cal B.C. Thus it is important to study the Mesolithic of the southern shore of the Mediterranean, mainly the Capsian, and its relations with the northern shore during this period, and for which a major dating effort is being made mainly in Tunisia within the framework of several international collaborations.L’étude des derniers groupes MĂ©solithiques dans le bassin occidental de la MĂ©diterranĂ©e a bĂ©nĂ©ficiĂ© d’une continuitĂ© de recherches focalisĂ©es surtout sur les zones littorales europĂ©ennes. Les recherches rĂ©centes conduites en Afrique du Nord ont montrĂ© que, dans les deux rives de la MĂ©diterranĂ©e, le MĂ©solithique semble se dĂ©velopper et Ă©voluer d’une maniĂšre presque simultanĂ©e au dĂ©but du 7e millĂ©naire cal B.C. Au cours du 6emillĂ©naire cal B.C., les preuves de contacte sont plus Ă©videntes avec l’apparition de l’obsidienne sur les cĂŽtes africaines. C’est ainsi qu’il est important d’étudier le MĂ©solithique de la rive sud de la MĂ©diterranĂ©e, principalement le Capsien, et ses relations avec la rive nord au cours de cette pĂ©riode, et pour laquelle un grand effort de datations est en cours de rĂ©alisation essentiellement en Tunisie dans le cadre de plusieurs collaborations internationales

    Environmental changes, climate and anthropogenic impact in south-east Tunisia during the last 8-kyr

    No full text
    Pollen and clay mineralogical analyses of a Holocene sequence from Sebkha Boujmel (southern Tunisia) trace the climatic and environmental dynamics in the lower arid bioclimatic zone over the last 8000 years. During the mid- to late Holocene transition, between ca. 8 and 3aEuro-kaaEuro-BP, a succession of five wet-dry oscillations is recorded. An intense arid event occurs between ca. 5.7 and 4.6aEuro-kaaEuro-BP. This episode marks the onset of a long-term aridification trend with a progressive retreat of Mediterranean woody xerophytic vegetation and of grass steppes. It ends with the establishment of pre-desert ecosystems around 3aEuro-kaaEuro-BP. The millennial-scale climate change recorded in the data from Sebkha Boujmel is consistent with records from the south and east Mediterranean, as well as with climatic records from the desert region for the end of the African Humid Period (AHP). Eight centennial climatic events are recorded at Sebkha Boujmel and these are contemporary with those recorded in the Mediterranean and in the Sahara. They indicate a clear coupling between the southern Mediterranean and the Sahara before 3aEuro-kaaEuro-BP. The event at 4.2aEuro-kaaEuro-BP is not evidenced and the link between events recorded in Sebkha Boujmel and the North Atlantic cooling events is clearer from ca. 3aEuro-kaaEuro-BP onwards. These variations indicate the importance of climatic determinism in the structuring of landscapes, with the establishment of the arid climatic conditions of the late Holocene. It is only from ca. 3aEuro-kaaEuro-BP onwards that the dynamic of plant associations is modified by both human activity and climatic variability. The climatic episodes identified during the historic period indicate strong regionalisation related to the differential impact of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and the Mediterranean Oscillation (MO) on the Mediterranean Basin. The local human impact on regional ecosystems is recorded in the form of episodes of intensification of pastoral and/or agricultural activities. The development of olive production and of several taxa associated with agriculture attest to increasing sedentism among human populations during classical antiquity. The significant increase in Artemisia (wormwood) between ca. 1.1 and 0.8aEuro-kaaEuro-BP (850-1150aEuro-AD) is linked to intensive pastoral activity, associated with heightened interannual and/or seasonal climatic instability. A complete reshaping of the landscape is recorded during the 20th century. The remarkable expansion of the olive tree, and the deterioration of regional ecosystems with the spread of desert species, is linked to recent local socio-economic changes in Tunisia

    Early oleiculture or native wild Olea in eastern Maghreb: new pollen data from the sebkha-lagoon Halk el Menjel (Hergla, Central Tunisia)

    No full text
    International audiencePollen analyses from the sebkha-lagoon Halk El Menjel document the vegetation history in Central Tunisia, linked to climate change since the Middle Holocene. Steppes are the main biomes developed under semi-arid conditions between 4965 ± 35 and 3410 ± 40 BP. At 4365 ± 50 BP Pistacia is replaced by Olea and high representation of Olea pollen grains are reported between 4365 ± 50 and 3410 ± 40 BP, illustrating a humid episode at the Mid-to-Late Holocene transition. Thus, the semi-arid area of Central Tunisia could correspond to the native biome for oleasters at the beginning of the Late Holocene. Early olive cultivation is not yet evidenced in the Neolithic sites of the eastern Maghreb, and the Phoenicians are assumed to have introduced olive cultivars in Tunisia. However, an early cultivation of Olea from local native oleaster and dissemination of native cultivars in Central Tunisia can be hypothesised even if it has to be still demonstrated with further archaeological and archaeobotanical evidence

    First archaeological investigations in the Chott El Jerid area, Southern Tunisia

    No full text
    This work presents the preliminary results of the archaeological research in southern Tunisia. The program, though strongly hindered by the serious internal situation and dramatically shaken by the attacks sf 2015, allowed an initial assessment of the archaeological potential of the Chott el Jerid region, in the governorate of Kebili. The geo-archaeological reconnaissance and the first excavations, together with an articulated sampling for paleo-environmental reconstruction and the genetic study of nomadic and sedentary populations in the region, provide a first analytical basis to reconstruct the cultural developments of the Late Quaternary, from the Middle Stone Age, through the Pleistocene-Holocene transition (facies Iberomaurusian and Capsian), up to the late Neolithic
    corecore