Feat: Functional Enumeration of Algebraic Types

In mathematics, an enumeration of a set S is a bijective function from (an initial segment of) the natural numbers to S. We define "functional enumerations" as efficiently computable such bijections. This paper describes a theory of functional enumeration and provides an algebra of enumerations closed under sums, products, guarded recursion and bijections. We partition each enumerated set into numbered, finite subsets. We provide a generic enumeration such that the number of each part corresponds to the size of its values (measured in the number of constructors). We implement our ideas in a Haskell library called testing-feat, and make the source code freely available. Feat provides efficient "random access" to enumerated values. The primary application is property-based testing, where it is used to define both random sampling (for example QuickCheck generators) and exhaustive enumeration (in the style of SmallCheck). We claim that functional enumeration is the best option for automatically generating test cases from large groups of mutually recursive syntax tree types. As a case study we use Feat to test the pretty-printer of the Template Haskell library (uncovering several bugs)

Drosophila - A Population Study in Southern Scania

Most studies done on Drosophila are made in labs and focus on genetics, something which has formed a somewhat one-sided field of studies. To counter this bias, this report was based on fieldwork. From a classical ecological aspect, Drosophila populations in southern Scania were investigated in order to put more clinical Drosophila insights in a proper context. According to previous studies, urban and rural factors together with temperature were thought to have an impact on sex ratios and species composition. This was tested for by sampling wild populations in Lund and Beddingestrand. Although no findings of greater importance were brought to light since none of the hypothesizes could be proven statistically true, convincing evidence for the summer 2017 being a bad year for Drosophila was found. No relation between temperature, seasonality, sex ratio, or species distribution was found, neither was any exotic species found.Wild fruit flies? They do exist! Drosophila is a genus of small fruit flies, most famous for Drosophila melanogaster, a model species for genetics and heredity in biology. The findings of many important scientific findings wouldn’t have been possible without it but what many don’t know is that this species exist outside the lab together with many other, creating a Drosophila community. During summer 2017, students from Lund University carried out an ecological study on fruit flies in the surrounding area in search for an explanation to earlier findings regarding the genus Drosophila. Could temperature have a major effect on species composition and would it be possible to observe differences between an urban and a rural population? Data was also collected to check for variation in sex ratios. Science is hard though… During the summer, 570 flies in total were collected, which is no too bad. However, these 570 were only distributed between three different species, while one being exaggeratedly abundant, Drosophila obscura. Fly frequencies converted to Shannon Wiener diversities, a way to compare the diversity amongst species between sites, and then tested for. No matter which statistical method was used, or which variable was tested, only weak correlations emerged. A slight trend pointing towards higher diversity with increased maximum and minimum temperature could be seen although it was impossible to separate from the impact locality (urban and rural) could have had. Worthen & Haney (1999) could observe in a study on American mushroom eating Drosophila that upon reaching temperature higher than 25 °C, females were better at surviving. Whereas they got significant and surely thrilling results, we got none. Changes in sex ratio could be correlated to any factor. Nevertheless, an interesting observation that previous studies can verify was a rather skewed sex ratio in general. Almost 80% of all flies we caught were females. Since our own research didn’t come out as we wanted, we’ve spent time thinking about what others can do in the future. The extreme numbers of females must be investigated, is it because higher birth rate, lower mortality or are females more attracted to traps? Lastly, we would like to recommend other studies to use temperature together with precipitation data in order to get proper results. Degree paper for a Bachelor's degree in Biology 15 credits 2017 Department of Biology, Lund University Supervisor: Jessica Abbott Department of Biology, Lund Universit

Learning Negotiating Behavior Between Cars in Intersections using Deep Q-Learning

This paper concerns automated vehicles negotiating with other vehicles, typically human driven, in crossings with the goal to find a decision algorithm by learning typical behaviors of other vehicles. The vehicle observes distance and speed of vehicles on the intersecting road and use a policy that adapts its speed along its pre-defined trajectory to pass the crossing efficiently. Deep Q-learning is used on simulated traffic with different predefined driver behaviors and intentions. The results show a policy that is able to cross the intersection avoiding collision with other vehicles 98% of the time, while at the same time not being too passive. Moreover, inferring information over time is important to distinguish between different intentions and is shown by comparing the collision rate between a Deep Recurrent Q-Network at 0.85% and a Deep Q-learning at 1.75%.Comment: 6 pages, 7 figures, Accepted to IEEE International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSC) 201

Determinants of customer satisfaction with socially responsible investments: Do ethical and environmental factors impact customer satisfaction with SRI profiled mutual funds?

Although much research has been published on green/ethical consumer behaviour, the question of how consumers evaluate pro-socially positioned products in the post-purchase stage is still virtually unexplored. This is troubling given the significance of post-purchase evaluations within general marketing theory. To address this gap in the literature, this study examines how a set of technical and functional quality attributes contribute to customer satisfaction in a socially responsible investment (SRI) setting. The results of the study show that perceived financial quality of the SRI mutual fund is the most important predictor of customer satisfaction. However, perceived social, ethical, and environmental (SEE) quality is also positively related to satisfaction for the SRI mutual fund. Based on these results, it is argued that although SEE quality is important to customers, marketers of pro-socially profiled products should primarily focus on conventional quality attributes, as a good SEE record unlikely to generate customer satisfaction alone.Customer satisfaction; ethics; perceived quality; socially responsible investment; mutual funds

Regional Integration

Jag har i denna uppsats förklarat varför den regionala integrationen ser olika ut inom EU och NAFTA. Genom att analysera olika faktorer som t ex regional maktbalans och utformning av institutionerna har jag förklarat hur teorierna realism och neofunktionalism ser på regional integration och vilka faktorer som påverkar den regionala integrationen. Realismen fokuserar då på hur maktbalansen ser ut inom regionen och hur mindre stater kan påverka de större nationerna inom regionen. Neofunktionalismen fokuserar då istället på hur skiftande lojaliteter mot en centraliserad överstatlig makt är grunden till regional integration. Slutligen presenteras väsentlig kritik mot teorierna och lyfter även fram deras bra sidor. Båda teorierna har problem med determinism och missar väsentliga aspekter

A metabolomics perspective on 2 years of high-intensity training in horses

The plasma metabolomic profile of elite harness horses subjected to different training programmes was explored. All horses had the same training programme from 1.5 until 2 years of age and then high-intensity training was introduced, with horses divided into high and low training groups. Morning blood samples were collected at 1.5, 2, 2.5 and 3.5 years of age. The plasma was analysed using targeted absolute quantitative analysis and a combination of tandem mass spectrometry, flow-injection analysis and liquid chromatography. Differences between the two training groups were observed at 2 years of age, when 161 metabolites and sums and ratios were lower (e.g. ceramide and several triglycerides) and 51 were higher (e.g. aconitic acid, anserine, sum of PUFA cholesteryl esters and solely ketogenic AAs) in High compared with low horses. The metabolites aconitic acid, anserine, leucine, HArg synthesis and sum of solely ketogenic AAs increased over time, while beta alanine synthesis, ceramides and indole decreased. Therefore high-intensity training promoted adaptations linked to aerobic energy production and amino acid metabolism, and potentially also affected pH-buffering and vascular and insulin responses

Evaluating Model Mismatch Impacting CACC Controllers in Mixed Traffic using a Driving Simulator

International audienceAt early market penetration, automated vehicles will share the road with legacy vehicles. For a safe transportation system, automated vehicle controllers therefore need to estimate the behavior of the legacy vehicles. However, mismatches between the estimated and real human behaviors can lead to inefficient control inputs, and even collisions in the worst case. In this paper, we propose a framework for evaluating the impact of model mismatch by interfacing a controller under test with a driving simulator. As a proof-of-concept, an algorithm based on Model Predictive Control (MPC) is evaluated in a braking scenario. We show how model mismatch between estimated and real human behavior can lead to a decrease in avoided collisions by almost 46%, and an increase in discomfort by almost 91%. Model mismatch is therefore non-negligible and the proposed framework is a unique method to evaluate them

Современные представления о НСV−инфекции

Рассмотрены достижения в изучении этиологии, патогенеза и клиники НСV−инфекции. Описаны современные возможности лабораторной и инструментальной диагностики заболевания, основные принципы лечения в зависимости от тяжести течения и активности патологического процесса в печени.The achievements in the study of the etiology, pathogenesis and clinical manifestations of HCV infection are discussed. Contemporary capabilities of laboratory and instrumental diagnosis of the disease as well as main principles of treatment depending on the severity of the course and activity of the pathological process in the liver are described

Comparative Study of SO2 and SO2/SO3 Poisoning and Regeneration of Cu/BEA and Cu/SSZ-13 for NH3 SCR

Two copper-exchanged zeolites, Cu/SSZ-13 and Cu/BEA, were studied as catalysts for the selective reduction of NOx by NH3 (NH3-SCR). Their activities for standard SCR (NOx = NO) and fast SCR (NOx = 50% NO + 50% NO2) were measured before and after sulfur poisoning at 250\ua0\ub0C. The effect of 30\ua0ppm SO2 and a mixture of 24\ua0ppm SO3 + 6\ua0ppm SO2 was evaluated. The repetition of subsequent activity measurements served as regeneration method in SCR conditions. SO2 deactivated Cu/SSZ-13 whereas Cu/BEA was only moderately affected. SO3 led to stronger deactivation of both catalysts than SO2. However, also for this case, the Cu/BEA was significantly less affected than Cu/SSZ-13, even though Cu/BEA contained larger amount of stored sulfur. One possible reason for this could be the large pores of Cu/BEA, where the sulfur species possibly resulted in less sterical hindrance than in the small pore SSZ-13 structure. NH3 temperature-programmed desorption (NH3-TPD) showed no loss of storage sites upon sulfur treatment and subsequent regeneration. Partial activity recovery was observed after a period in SCR conditions at 400\ua0\ub0C and 500\ua0\ub0C. Temperature at 300\ua0\ub0C was insufficient to regenerate the catalysts. Diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS) of NO adsorption suggested that SO2 interacts with the ZCuOH sites on Cu/SSZ-13, causing the strong poisoning