School adolescents’ knowledge concerning hepatitis C virus (HCV)

Introduction. Infection with hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a serious clinical, epidemiological and social problem inPoland.   Objective. The objective of the study was recognition of knowledge concerning HCV infection among adolescents attending post-secondary schools.Material and method. The study was conducted in 2016, among 106 school adolescents attending two post-secondary schools inRadom, by means of a questionnaire designed by the author and a standardized questionnaire according to the Polish Group of HCV Experts. Statistical analysis was performed using the software Statistica 10.0.Results. The majority of adolescents (84.5%) knew that HCV causes hepatitis C.  Boys more frequently than girls knew that the disease spreads by contact with infected blood (72.0% and 50.6%, respectively). Girls significantly more often than boys knew that approximately 700,000 people inPoland are infected with HCV (54.3% and 24.0%, respectively). According to 84.1% of respondents everyone is exposed to this infection.  Boys more often than girls (72.0% and 55.6%) correctly provided examples of situations in which the infection may occur. The majority of adolescents (88.5%) knew that the hepatitis C antibody (anti-HCV) blood test indicates whether the person has an infection. A half of the examined adolescents (50.9%) knew that there is currently no vaccine available to protect against hepatitis C, and that it is possible to cure the person infected with HCV.Conclusions. The level of adolescents’ knowledge concerning HCV infection varied according to the demographic and social factors. School adolescents should be provided incentives for prophylaxis of infection and participation in prophylactic programmes, in order to limit the risk of contracting hepatitis C.

Financial Dependence of the PIIGS Countries

In the paper, the authors presented the problems connected with the financial dependence of the PIIGS countries (the contractual name for a group of European countries with the highest debt which stands for the first letters of the names of countries: Portugal, Italy, Ireland, Greece and Spain). In the first part the issues related to the concept of the financial dependence were discussed. Then International Investment Position (IIP) of the PIIGS countries was compared with other countries of the European Union. The main part of the paper is analysis of the indicators of the financial dependence the PIIGS countries. The analysis of the proposed set of indicators caused that the authors drew particular attention to the situation that took place in Ireland. Therefore, the case of Irish economy was discussed in the detail way. At the end of the paper conclusions about the financial dependence of PIIGS countries were presented.W artykule zostały zaprezentowane problemy związane z uzależnieniem finansowym krajów PIIGS (umowna nazwa dla grupy krajów europejskich o najwyższym zadłużeniu, powstała od pierwszych liter angielskich nazw krajów: Portugalia, Włochy, Irlandia, Grecja i Hiszpania). W pierwszej części opisano zagadnienia związane z pojęciem uzależnienia finansowego. Następnie międzynarodowa pozycja inwestycyjna (IIP) krajów PIIGS została porównana z innymi krajami Unii Europejskiej. Główną częścią pracy jest analiza wskaźników uzależnienia finansowego krajów PIIGS. Analiza proponowanego zestawu wskaźników spowodowała, że autorzy zwrócili szczególną uwagę na sytuację, która miała miejsce w Irlandii. Dlatego też, przypadek irlandzkiej gospodarki został omówiony w sposób szczegółowy

The source of phosphorus in a diet of 17-year-olds

Introduction. Phosphorus is an element which naturally occurs in food. However, much phosphorus is also added to food in the form of emulsifiers, stabilizers or raising agents. The growing popularity of highly processed foods is becoming a problem because of excessive phosphorus dietary intake by children and young people. The purpose of this work was to estimate the consumption of phosphorus and identify its sources in daily food rations of 17-year-old schoolchildren from the Kuyavian-Pomeranian Province. Material and methods. Information about the composition of ingested food ration was obtained by 24-hour recall. Based on the information on food consumption and the phosphorus content in 100 g of food products, the phosphorus content in a daily food ration was calculated. The values were compared with the norm for adolescents aged 16-18 years (EAR, Estimated Average Requirement = 1050 mg/person/day). Next, the percentage of phosphorus from six food groups in food rations for girls and boys were calculated, defining the structure of the element consumed. Differences in the phosphorus intake structure between the genders were assessed with the Mann-Whitney U test. Statistical analysis was performed using Statistica. Results. The analysis showed that young people’s diets were characterized by a high content of phosphorus. The average content of phosphorus in the daily food ration of boys was 1939.8±62.7 mg/person/day, corresponding to 184.7% of the average demand for phosphorus (EAR). For girls, the phosphorus intake was significantly lower than for boys, i.e. 1245.7±38.4 mg/person/day, equal to 118.6% of the EAR. Over 80% of ingested phosphorus originated from 3 groups of food products. The main sources of phosphorus in the diet were grain products, potatoes and animal products (milk and dairy products, meat, sausages, fish and eggs). Conclusions. Excessive intake of phosphorus was found in the diet of adolescents.Wstęp. Fosfor jest pierwiastkiem naturalnie występującym w żywności. Spora ilość tego związku dodawana jest również do żywności m.in. jako emulgatory, stabilizatory i spulchniacze. Rosnąca popularność żywności wysokoprzetworzonej staje się problemem, gdyż w dietach dzieci i młodzieży obserwuje się nadmiar spożycia fosforu. Celem pracy była ocena spożycia fosforu i wyznaczenie głównych jego źródeł w całodziennej racji pokarmowej 17-letniej młodzieży z województwa kujawskopomorskiego. Materiał i metody. Informacje o składzie spożytej racji pokarmowej uzyskano metodą wywiadu z 24 godzin. Na podstawie informacji o spożyciu oraz zawartości fosforu w 100 g produktów spożywczych obliczono zawartość fosforu w całodziennej racji pokarmowej. Uzyskane wartości porównano z normą dla osób w wieku 16- 18 lat (Średnie zapotrzebowanie dla grupy, EAR ang. - Estimated Average Requirement = 1050 mg/osobę/dzień). Następnie obliczono procent fosforu z 6 grup żywności w racjach pokarmowych dziewcząt i chłopców, określając strukturę spożytego pierwiastka. Zróżnicowanie struktury spożytego fosforu związane z płcią przeprowadzono testem U Manna-Whitneya. Analizę statystyczną przeprowadzono przy pomocy programu Statistica. Wyniki. Analiza wykazała, że dieta młodzieży charakteryzowała się wysoką zawartością fosforu. Średnia zawartość fosforu w całodziennej racji pokarmowej chłopców wynosiła 1939,8±62,7 mg/osobę/dzień, co stanowiło 184,7% średniego zapotrzebowania na fosfor (EAR). W grupie dziewcząt spożycie fosforu było istotnie niższe niż u chłopców i wynosiło 1245,7±38,4 mg/osobę/dzień, co stanowiło 118,6% EAR. Źródłem ponad 80% spożytego fosforu były 3 grupy produktów spożywczych. Głównymi źródłami fosforu w diecie były produkty zbożowe, ziemniaki oraz produkty pochodzenia zwierzęcego (mleko i produkty mleczne, mięso, wędliny, ryby i jaja). Wnioski. Stwierdzono nadmierne spożycie fosforu w diecie młodzieży

The Source of Phosphorus in Diet of 17 Year Old Youth

Introduction. Phosphorus is an element naturally occurring in foods. A large amount of this compound is also added to foods such as emulsifiers, stabilizers, and rippers. The growing popularity of high-processed foods is becoming a problem, because in the diets children and young people followed excess phosphorus intake. Thepurpose of this work was an evaluation of consumption of phosphorus and showing its sources in daily food ration of school children of age 17 years from Kuyavian-Pomeranian province. Materials and methods. Information about the composition of ingested food ration was obtained by interview of 24 hours. On the basis of information on consumption and a phosphorus content in 100 g of food products, phosphorus content in daily food ration was calculated. The values obtained were compared with the norm for people aged 16-18 years old (EAR = 1050 mg/person/day). Next the percentage of phosphorus from the six food groups in food rations for girls and boys were calculated, defining the structure of the element consumed. Differentiation of gender-related phosphorus intake was conducted by Mann-Whitney U test. Statistical analysis was performed using Statistica. Results. The analysis showed that the diet of young people was characterized by a high content of phosphorus. The average content of phosphorus in the daily food ration of boys was 1939.8±62.7 mg/person/day, representing 184.7% of the average demand for phosphorus (EAR). In the group of girls, phosphorus intake was significantly lower than in boys - 1245.7±38.4 mg/person/day, representing 118.6% of the EAR. The main sources of phosphorus in the diet were grain products, potatoes and animal products (milk and dairy products, meat, sausages, fish and eggs). Conclusions. Excessive intake of phosphorus was found in the diet of young people. 3 groups of food products were the source of over 80% of ingested phosphorus.Fosfor jest pierwiastkiem naturalnie występującym w żywności. Spora ilość tego związku dodawana jest również do żywności m.in. jako emulgatory, stabilizatory i spulchniacze. Rosnąca popularność żywności wysokoprzetworzonej staje się problemem, gdyż w dietach dzieci i młodzieży obserwuje się nadmiar spożycia fosforu. Celempracy była ocena spożycia fosforu i wyznaczenie głównych jego źródeł w całodziennej racji pokarmowej 17-letniej młodzieży z województwa kujawskopomorskiego. Materiał i metody. Informacje o składzie spożytej racji pokarmowej uzyskano metodą wywiadu z 24 godzin. Na podstawie informacji o spożyciu oraz zawartości fosforu w 100 g produktów spożywczych obliczono zawartość fosforu w całodziennej racji pokarmowej. Uzyskane wartości porównano z normą dla osób w wieku 16-18 lat (EAR=1050 mg/osobę/dzień). Następnie obliczono procent fosforu z 6 grup żywności w racjach pokarmowych dziewcząt i chłopców, określając strukturę spożytego pierwiastka. Zróżnicowanie struktury spożytego fosforu związane z płcią przeprowadzono testem U Manna- Whitney’a. Analizę statystyczną przeprowadzono przy pomocy programu Statistica. Wyniki. Analiza wykazała, że dieta młodzieży charakteryzowała się wysoką zawartością fosforu. Średnia zawartość fosforu w całodziennej racji pokarmowej chłopców wynosiła 1939,8±62,7 mg/osobę/dzień, co stanowiło 184,7% średniego zapotrzebowania na fosfor (EAR). W grupie dziewcząt spożycie fosforu było istotnie niższe niż u chłopców i wynosiło 1245,7±38,4 mg/osobę/dzień, co stanowiło 118,6% EAR. Głównymi źródłami fosforu w diecie były produkty zbożowe, ziemniaki oraz produkty pochodzenia zwierzęcego (mleko i produkty mleczne, mięso, wędliny, ryby i jaja). Wnioski. Stwierdzono nadmierne spożycie fosforu w diecie młodzieży. Źródłem ponad 80% spożytego fosforu były 3 grupy produktów spożywczych

Proteomic profiling of exosomes derived from pancreatic beta-cells cultured under hyperglycemia

Introduction: Cargo carried by extracellular vesicles (EVs) is considered a promising diagnostic marker, especially proteins. EVs can be divided according to their size and way of biogenesis into exosomes (diameter 200 nm). Exosomes are considered to be of endocytic origin, and ectosomes are produced by budding and shedding from the plasma membrane [1]. Methods: The first step of this study was a characterization of the exosome sample. Using Tunable Resistive Pulse Sensing (qNano) size distribution and concentration were measured. The mean size of exosomes was 120±9.17 nm. In the present study, a nano liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (nanoLC-MS/MS) was used to compare protein profiles of exosomes secreted by pancreatic beta cells (1.1B4) grown under normal glucose (NG, 5 mM D-glucose) and high glucose (HG, 25 mM D-glucose) conditions. The EV samples were lysed, and proteins were denatured, digested, and analyzed using a Q-Exactive mass spectrometer coupled with the UltiMate 3000 RSLC nano system. The nanoLC-MS/MS data were searched against the SwissProt Homo sapiens database using MaxQuant software and protein quantitation was done by the MaxLFQ algorithm. Statistical analysis was carried out with Perseus software. Further bioinformatic analysis was performed using the FunRich 3.1.4 software with the UniProt protein database and String [2]. Results: As a result of the nanoLC-MS/MS analysis more than 1,000 proteins were identified and quantified in each sample. The average number of identified proteins in exosomes was 1,397. Label-free quantitative analysis showed that exosome composition differed significantly between those isolated under NG and HG conditions. Many pathways were down-regulated in HG, particularly the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. In addition, a significant up-regulation of the Ras-proteins pathway was observed in HG. Conclusion: Our description of exosomes protein content and its related functions provides the first insight into the EV interactome and its role in glucose intolerance development and diabetic complications. The results also indicate the applicability of EV proteins for further investigation regarding their potential as circulating in vivo biomarkers

Traduction du futur antérieur de probabilité en polonais

The future tense futur antérieur, in addition to other values, mainly temporary ones, may indicate probability. The article presents the result of the analysis of the Polish equivalents of this future tense. The analysis is based on the corpus of literary texts of 19th and 20th centuries translated into Polish. The futur antérieur is generally translated through the construction with the verb musieć, various opinion verbs and modal adverbs which indicate the degree of certainty of the speaker towards the contents of his utterance. The absence of the modal expression is possible only in interrogative clauses, in alternatives, with indefinite pronouns or when preceding verb indicates the probability

L'aspect accompli et la traduction du futur antérieur en polonais

The purpose of this article is to describe the means of translating the grammatical tense futur antérieur in the accompli aspect from French into Polish. The accompli aspect constitutes a trait which is characteristic for French compound tenses, but absent from Polish in any form which would indicate the completion of the process and the state resulting from it. The perfective aspect of the future tense does not allow to underscore the resulting state, therefore, the translator tries to express it by using other structures

Frailty syndrome – symptoms and diagnosis.

Introduction Nowadays, systematic increase in the share of older people in the community around the world is described. In elderly some characteristic health problems are observed. One of them is frailty syndrome. Objective The objective of this work is to present symptoms of frailty syndrome and ways of its diagnosis. Results There is an emerging evidence that such health problems as heart failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and renal failure may contribute to frailty syndrome development. Most widely used definition of frailty, delineates it as a state of increased vulnerability from age-associated decline in reserve and function resulting in reduced ability to cope with everyday or acute stressors. According to consensus of medical societies, all persons aged 70 years and older should be involved in the group in which screening for frailty is performed by healthcare providers Conclusions With severe life-threatening consequences, frailty is considered as a condition that should be included in the elderly screening program. There are many instruments used for frailty screening. In primary healthcare clinical setting the most practical are brief and accurate tools, assessing multidirectional issue of frailty. These criteria are to the highest extend fulfilled by the Tilburg Frailty Index, the Groningen Frailty Indicator and the Gérontopôle Frailty Screening Tool