Uso de ingredientes alternativos na alimentação inicial de frango de corte de crescimento lento.

PDSE/CAPES e FAPESPAA criação de frango de crescimento lento aumenta gradativamente em todo mundo em função da busca do consumidor exigente em ter carne de qualidade diferenciada à sua mesa, produzida de maneira ecologicamente sustentável com novos padrões de bemestar para as aves. Para a manutenção desta frágil cadeia produtiva, a busca por redução nos custos de produção é uma constante, deste modo a recomendação de novos ingredientes que tenham potencial de uso para alimentação das aves trará benefícios produtivos e econômicos especialmente aos produtores de pequeno e médio porte. Desta maneira, a tese foi conduzida na Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia, Campus de Belém, Brasil, para analisar o uso de ingredientes alternativos no intuito de instituir uma dieta de baixo custo para frango de corte de crescimento lento. A pesquisa teve como base a realização de dois experimentos, de desempenho e de metabolizabilidade, que geraram os cinco capítulos desta tese. No primeiro momento foi realizada a análise da composição bromatológica de porções residuais do açaí (Euterpe oleracea Mart.), caroço de açaí com mesocarpo e caroço de açaí sem mesocarpo para identificação da melhor fração para elaboração do farelo de caroço de açaí que posteriormente foi incluído em diferentes níveis (2, 6 e 10%) em rações para frangos de corte de crescimento lento em fase inicial de 1 a 28 dias. Também foi realizada inclusão de níveis de 10, 15 e 20% de torta de palmiste (Elaeis guineenses), e a avaliação da inclusão de torta de coco (Coccus nucífera) em 5, 15 e 25%; os ingredientes alternativos testados foram analisados quanto ao desempenho das aves, alometria dos órgãos do sistema digestivo e a viabilidade econômica de seu uso nas dietas. Com base na composição bromatológica o caroço de açaí sem mesocarpo foi escolhido para elaboração do farelo de caroço de açaí (FCA); e os resultados do desempenho mostraram que o farelo de caroço de açaí pode ser incluído em até 10% sem prejuízo, a torta de palmiste (TP) em até 20% e a torta de coco (TC) em até 15% sem causar prejuízo no desempenho, na alometria dos órgãos digestivos e sem desvantagem econômica para o produtor. Os resultados estão descritos no primeiro, segundo e terceiro artigos respectivamente. Em um segundo momento, realizamos um experimento de análise de metabolizabilidade dos três ingredientes alternativos testados, FCA, TC e TP, substituindo 30% da ração referência por cada ingrediente não convencional, onde a TP mostrou os melhores coeficientes de metabolizabilidade dos nutrientes e a TC os piores valores - o material completo encontra-se no quarto artigo. E o quinto artigo descreve a avaliação da morfometria intestinal dos frangos de corte de crescimento lento alimentados com os diferentes níveis de inclusão de FCA, TC e TP em suas dietas; onde constatamos que os níveis de inclusão dos três ingredientes promoveram um aumento das vilosidades do duodeno estimulando o processo de renovação celular; os níveis de FCA não interferiram negativamente na morfometria intestinal das aves.The creation of slow-growing chicken gradually increases throughout the world due to the requirement of the consumer demanding to have meat of differentiated quality at its table, produced in an ecologically sustainable way with new standards of well-being for the birds. In order to maintain this fragile production chain, the search for a reduction in production costs is a constant, so the use of new ingredients that have the potential to feed the birds will bring productive and economic benefits especially to small and medium-sized producers. In this way, the thesis was conducted at the Federal Rural University of Amazonia, Campus Belém, Brazil, to analyze the use of alternative ingredients in order to institute a low-cost diet for slow-growing chicken. The research was based on the realization of two experiments, performance and metabolizability that generated the five chapters of this thesis. At the first moment, the analysis of the bromatological composition of residual portions of açaí (Euterpe oleracea Mart.), açaí core with a mesocarp and açaí core without mesocarp was performed to identify the best fraction for the production of açaí seed bran (ASB) that was later included at different levels (2, 6 and 10%) in rations for slow-growing broilers in the initial phase of 1 to 28 days. Also included levels of 10, 15 and 20% of palm kernel cake (Guinean Elaeis), and the evaluation of the inclusion of coconut (Coccus nucífera) in 5, 15 and 25%; all alternative ingredients tested were analyzed for bird performance, allometry of organs of the digestive system and the economic viability of their use in diets. Based on the bromatological composition of the açaí core without mesocarp was chosen for the elaboration of açaí seed bran; and the results of the performance showed that the acai seed bran can be included in up to 10% without prejudice, the palm oil cake (POC) in up to 15% and the coconut cake (CC) in up to 5% without impairing the performance, in the allometry of the organs digestive and without economic disadvantage for the producer. The results are described in the first, second and third articles, respectively. In a second moment, we performed a metabolizable analysis experiment of the three alternative ingredients tested, ASB, CC and POC, replacing 30% of the reference feed for each unconventional ingredient, where POC showed the best nutrient metabolizability coefficients and CC the worst values, the complete material is in the fourth article. And the fifth article describes the evaluation of the intestinal morphometry of slow-growing broiler chickens fed the different levels of inclusion of ASB, CC and POC in their diets; where we found that CC inclusion levels promoted an increase of the villi of the duodenum stimulating the cell renewal process due to the viscosity of the digesta; the levels of ASB did not interfere negatively in the intestinal morphometry of the birds

Use of palm oil cake in diets for slow growing chickens

Looking for food alternatives for slow-growing broiler chickens is a necessity to boost production, which is mainly conducted by small and medium producers linked to family farming, especially in the Amazon region. For this reason, the objective was to evaluate the potential use of Palm Oil Cake (POC) as an alternative ingredient in the feeding of slow-growing broiler chickens up to 28 days of age. We used 416 male French Red-Naked Neck chicks, in a completely randomized experimental design with four treatments (0, 10, 15, and 20% of POC inclusion) with eight replicates each. The performance of the birds, allometry of the digestive organs and the economic analysis of the diets were evaluated. It is concluded that POC can be included in the diets of slow growing broiler chickens, up to 28 days, in up to 15% without causing damage in their performance, without negatively modifying the allometry of the digestive organs and without economic disadvantages to the producer

Effect of exogenous emulsifier and different fat sources on the performance, carcass characteristics, nutrient digestibility, and serum lipid profile of broiler chickens

A study was conducted to evaluate the effect of an emulsifier on reduced-energy diets using two fat sources for broilers. The study was designed as a 2 x 3 factorial arrangement of treatments. The first factor was 2 fat sources (poultry fat or beef tallow). The second factor was a basal diet with the recommended energy levels, a diet with a 0.83 MJ/kg of energy reduction, and a diet with an energy reduction and inclusion of 1 g emulsifier/kg of diet. The emulsifier used in this study was composed of soy lecithin and polyethylene glycol ricinoleate. The emulsifier increased apparent metabolizable energy (AME) and apparent metabolizable energy corrected for nitrogen balance (AMEn) in beef tallow diets compared to energy-reduced diets (P<0.001). Broilers fed poultry fat had higher weights and weight gains at 35 and 42 d of age (p=0.001), and they had higher daily deposition of fat in the carcass (P = 0.025) when compared to diets with beef tallow. The inclusion of emulsifiers in broiler diets improves AME and AMEn but did not affect the energy reduction diets, whichresulted in reduced performance, decreasing daily fat deposition, but without effects on serum lipid profile in broilers.Um estudo foi conduzido para avaliar o efeito de um emulsificante em dietas com baixo teor de energia usando duas fontes de gordura para frangos de corte. O estudo foi delineado em arranjo fatorial 2 x 3 de tratamentos, o primeiro fator foi 2 fontes de gordura (gordura de frango ou sebo bovino) e o segundo fator uma dieta basal com os níveis de energia recomendados, uma dieta com 0,83 MJ / kg de redução de energia e uma dieta com redução de energia e inclusão de 1 g de emulsionante / kg de dieta (composto de lecitina de soja e ricinoleato de polietilenoglicol). O emulsificante aumentou a energia metabolizável aparente (EMA) e a energia metabolizável aparente corrigida para o balanço de nitrogênio (EMAn) em dietas com sebo bovino em comparação com dietas com redução de energia (P <0,001). Frangos de corte alimentados com gordura de frango apresentam maiores pesos e ganhos de peso aos 35 e 42 dias de idade (p=0,001), e maior deposição diária de gordura na carcaça (P=0,025) quando comparados às dietas com sebo bovino. O emulsificante incluído nas dietas de frangos de corte melhora a EMA e EMAn, mas não supre a redução energética, causando efeitos negativos no desempenho, diminuindo a deposição diária de gordura, mas sem efeitos no perfil lipídico sérico em frangos de corte

Effect of exogenous emulsifier and different fat sources on the performance, carcass characteristics, nutrient digestibility, and serum lipid profile of broiler chickens

A study was conducted to evaluate the effect of an emulsifier on reduced-energy diets using two fat sources for broilers. The study was designed as a 2 x 3 factorial arrangement of treatments. The first factor was 2 fat sources (poultry fat or beef tallow). The second factor was a basal diet with the recommended energy levels, a diet with a 0.83 MJ/kg of energy reduction, and a diet with an energy reduction and inclusion of 1 g emulsifier/kg of diet. The emulsifier used in this study was composed of soy lecithin and polyethylene glycol ricinoleate. The emulsifier increased apparent metabolizable energy (AME) and apparent metabolizable energy corrected for nitrogen balance (AMEn) in beef tallow diets compared to energy-reduced diets (P<0.001). Broilers fed poultry fat had higher weights and weight gains at 35 and 42 d of age (p=0.001), and they had higher daily deposition of fat in the carcass (P = 0.025) when compared to diets with beef tallow. The inclusion of emulsifiers in broiler diets improves AME and AMEn but did not affect the energy reduction diets, which resulted in reduced performance, decreasing daily fat deposition, but without effects on serum lipid profile in broilers

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

Desempenho de leitões submetidos a diferentes níveis de substituição da proteína do farelo de soja pela proteína do ovo desidratado = Performance of piglets submitted to different replacement levels of soybean meal protein by dehydrated egg protein

Objetivou-se determinar o ganho de peso, o consumo de ração e a conversão alimentar de suínos em fase inicial (15 a 30 kg de peso) alimentados com quatro diferentes níveis de substituição (0, 3, 6 e 9%) da proteína do farelo de soja pela proteína do ovo desidratado. Foram utilizados 32 suínos (16 machos castrados e 16 fêmeas) em um delineamento em blocos casualizados, com quatro tratamentos e quatro repetições cada, em que a unidade experimental foi composta por um macho e uma fêmea. Os tratamentos foram 0, 3, 6 e 9% de proteína do ovo desidratado em substituição à proteína do farelo de soja. Os dados obtidos foram submetidos à regressão linear para os níveis de 3, 6 e 9% de ovo desidratado, e o tratamento-testemunha (0%) foi comparado com os demais aplicando o teste Dunnet a 5% de probabilidade. Os níveis de substituição da proteína do farelo de sojapela proteína do ovo desidratado não influenciaram as variáveis de desempenho dos animais na fase inicial, até 9%. Entretanto, avaliando a relação custo-benefício, o tratamentocontrole foi o mais rentável.<br><br>This study aimed to determine the average daily weight gain, daily feed intake and the feed conversion ratio of pigs in initialphase (15 to 30 kg of weight) fed with four different levels of substitution (0, 3, 6 and 9%) of soybean meal protein by dehydrated egg protein. Thirty-two pigs (16 castrated males and 16 females) were used in a completely randomized blocks statistical design, with fourtreatments and four repetitions each; the experimental unit was composed by a male and a female. The treatments were 0, 3, 6 and 9% of dehydrated egg protein in replacement of soybean meal protein. The data obtained were subjected to linear regression for the levels 3,6 and 9% of dehydrated egg; the witness (0%) was compared with the other treatments applying Dunnett’s test at 5% probability. The replacement levels of soybean meal protein by dehydrated egg protein did not influence the performance variables of the animals in theinitial phase, up to 9%. However, when evaluating the cost-benefit ratio, the control treatment was the most profitable one

<b>Desempenho de leitões submetidos a diferentes níveis de substituição da proteína do farelo de soja pela proteína do ovo desidratado</b> - DOI: 10.4025/actascianimsci.v30i4.3746 <b>Performance of piglets submitted to different replacement levels of soybean meal protein by dehydrated egg protein</b> - DOI: 10.4025/actascianimsci.v30i4.3746

Objetivou-se determinar o ganho de peso, o consumo de ração e a conversão alimentar de suínos em fase inicial (15 a 30 kg de peso) alimentados com quatro diferentes níveis de substituição (0, 3, 6 e 9%) da proteína do farelo de soja pela proteína do ovo desidratado. Foram utilizados 32 suínos (16 machos castrados e 16 fêmeas) em um delineamento em blocos casualizados, com quatro tratamentos e quatro repetições cada, em que a unidade experimental foi composta por um macho e uma fêmea. Os tratamentos foram 0, 3, 6 e 9% de proteína do ovo desidratado em substituição à proteína do farelo de soja. Os dados obtidos foram submetidos à regressão linear para os níveis de 3, 6 e 9% de ovo desidratado, e o tratamento-testemunha (0%) foi comparado com os demais aplicando o teste Dunnet a 5% de probabilidade. Os níveis de substituição da proteína do farelo de soja pela proteína do ovo desidratado não influenciaram as variáveis de desempenho dos animais na fase inicial, até 9%. Entretanto, avaliando a relação custo-benefício, o tratamento-controle foi o mais rentável.<br>This study aimed to determine the average daily weight gain, daily feed intake and the feed conversion ratio of pigs in initial phase (15 to 30 kg of weight) fed with four different levels of substitution (0, 3, 6 and 9%) of soybean meal protein by dehydrated egg protein. Thirty-two pigs (16 castrated males and 16 females) were used in a completely randomized blocks statistical design, with four treatments and four repetitions each; the experimental unit was composed by a male and a female. The treatments were 0, 3, 6 and 9% of dehydrated egg protein in replacement of soybean meal protein. The data obtained were subjected to linear regression for the levels 3, 6 and 9% of dehydrated egg; the witness (0%) was compared with the other treatments applying Dunnett’s test at 5% probability. The replacement levels of soybean meal protein by dehydrated egg protein did not influence the performance variables of the animals in the initial phase, up to 9%. However, when evaluating the cost-benefit ratio, the control treatment was the most profitable one