Personal data protection with focus on processing and protection in civil aviation

Personal Data Protection with Focus on Processing and Protection in Civil Aviation This diploma thesis focuses on the matter of EU legal regulation of personal data protection and reflects it in the field of civil aviation with focus on commercial air transport, as commercial air transport is at this moment the area of civil aviation where most of the personal data processing and operations with them are made. The goals of this diploma thesis are mainly to describe respective personal data processing in civil aviation and finding out whether GDPR represents an insurmountable legal obstacle for air carriers and civil aviation to operate or whether it is just another complicated act of legislation that air carriers and other entities in civil aviation must reflect. The first chapter of the thesis briefly introduces the history of personal data protection while presenting some of its past and current sources of legislation. Moreover, the first chapter introduces certain legal institutes of current EU personal data protection legislation and draws attention to the continuity and discontinuity of GDPR with the previous one. The second chapter of the thesis provides a short introduction to the topic of civil aviation legislation and describes the relationship between this legislation and GDPR. The...Ochrana osobních údajů se zaměřením na jejich zpracování a ochranu v civilním letectví Tato diplomová práce se zaměřuje na problematiku právní úpravy ochrany osobních údajů EU, přičemž se pokouší tuto problematiku reflektovat v rovině civilního letectví s důrazem na obchodní leteckou dopravu. Právě v rámci obchodní letecké dopravy totiž dochází v civilním letectví ke zpracování největšího množství osobních údajů a k nejvyššímu počtu operací prováděných s osobními údaji. Cílem diplomové práce je především popsat jednotlivá zpracování osobních údajů v civilním letectví a zhodnotit, zda GDPR představuje pro letecké dopravce a civilní letectví nepřekonatelnou právní překážku pro provozování dané činnosti, nebo se jedná pouze o další komplikovaný právní předpis, ke kterému musí přihlížet letečtí dopravci a další subjekty pohybující se v civilním letectví. První kapitola diplomové práce se stručně věnuje historii ochrany osobních údajů, resp. uvádí některé její historické a současné prameny právní úpravy. Následně první kapitola představuje některé právní instituty ochrany osobních údajů a upozorňuje na kontinuitu a diskontinuitu GDPR s předchozí právní úpravou. Druhá kapitola diplomové práce stručně seznamuje s problematikou právní úpravy civilního letectví a popisuje vztahy mezi touto právní úpravou a...Department of European LawKatedra evropského právaPrávnická fakultaFaculty of La

Personal Data Protection with Focus on Processing and Protection in Civil Aviation

Ochrana osobních údajů se zaměřením na jejich zpracování a ochranu v civilním letectví Tato diplomová práce se zaměřuje na problematiku právní úpravy ochrany osobních údajů EU, přičemž se pokouší tuto problematiku reflektovat v rovině civilního letectví s důrazem na obchodní leteckou dopravu. Právě v rámci obchodní letecké dopravy totiž dochází v civilním letectví ke zpracování největšího množství osobních údajů a k nejvyššímu počtu operací prováděných s osobními údaji. Cílem diplomové práce je především popsat jednotlivá zpracování osobních údajů v civilním letectví a zhodnotit, zda GDPR představuje pro letecké dopravce a civilní letectví nepřekonatelnou právní překážku pro provozování dané činnosti, nebo se jedná pouze o další komplikovaný právní předpis, ke kterému musí přihlížet letečtí dopravci a další subjekty pohybující se v civilním letectví. První kapitola diplomové práce se stručně věnuje historii ochrany osobních údajů, resp. uvádí některé její historické a současné prameny právní úpravy. Následně první kapitola představuje některé právní instituty ochrany osobních údajů a upozorňuje na kontinuitu a diskontinuitu GDPR s předchozí právní úpravou. Druhá kapitola diplomové práce stručně seznamuje s problematikou právní úpravy civilního letectví a popisuje vztahy mezi touto právní úpravou a...Personal Data Protection with Focus on Processing and Protection in Civil Aviation This diploma thesis focuses on the matter of EU legal regulation of personal data protection and reflects it in the field of civil aviation with focus on commercial air transport, as commercial air transport is at this moment the area of civil aviation where most of the personal data processing and operations with them are made. The goals of this diploma thesis are mainly to describe respective personal data processing in civil aviation and finding out whether GDPR represents an insurmountable legal obstacle for air carriers and civil aviation to operate or whether it is just another complicated act of legislation that air carriers and other entities in civil aviation must reflect. The first chapter of the thesis briefly introduces the history of personal data protection while presenting some of its past and current sources of legislation. Moreover, the first chapter introduces certain legal institutes of current EU personal data protection legislation and draws attention to the continuity and discontinuity of GDPR with the previous one. The second chapter of the thesis provides a short introduction to the topic of civil aviation legislation and describes the relationship between this legislation and GDPR. The...Department of European LawKatedra evropského právaFaculty of LawPrávnická fakult

Nutzen und Kosten der derzeitigen Regulierung des Apothekenmarktes in Deutschland: benefits and costs of current regulations in the German pharmacy sector

The pharmacy sector in many European countries continues to be subject to strict governmental regulations. This consists - depending on the country - of regulations on ownership, business operations, opening hours, personnel, pricing, prohibiting certain sales methods (e.g. mail order), and specifying product ranges. Indeed, Germany has a particularly strong conglomeration of regulations. Specific governmental interventions on the marketplace, i.e. interventions additionally to general legislation governing the organisation of markets in terms of regulatory policy, are frequently justified as being peculiarities of the market, which actually or allegedly prevent the market mechanism from achieving optimal results. The aim of specific interventions is to eliminate the negative consequences of free competition. However, the resulting benefits always have to be offset by the costs of regulation. These costs consist first of direct costs due to the regulation itself, since they restrict the freedom of potential suppliers and/or customers. Secondly, they have indirect welfare effects, referred to by the term excess burden. This can be illustrated by the example of taxation: taxes are used to fund the affairs of the country. However, they place a direct burden on the taxpayers, but they also cause taxpayers to adapt, e.g. by being less willing to work, thereby costing the national economy the excess burden. This study analyses these benefits and costs of regulation in the German pharmacy sector. It then describes the deregulation measures needed to avoid regulation-costs to the national economy. The main outcome lies in the conclusion that partial deregulation is capable of improving efficiency and quality in drug distribution. Based on the principle of value for money, quality improves with a given investment in drug distribution. In contrast to the present situation, Germany could be a pioneer with regard to the regulation of the pharmacy sector, focusing on the interests of consumers and patients - and not just on particular interests specific to the profession. On basis of economic theory of production and transaction-cost regarding economies of scale and economics of scope as well as on basis of welfare economics regarding oligopoly models, this analysis is coming to the result that particularly ownership and management regulations of German pharmacy sector are not only obsolete, but impose high costs on society. Together with a partial relaxation in the field of business operations and product ranges - in this part less regulatory interventions and thus the power of free competition can cause at least the same results as the present strong regulation. And this without raising a danger for customers - a wide deregulation can develop positive economic effects. Additional or even stronger effects will be possible, if price regulations and mail-order-regulations are deregulated, too. However, the analysis also shows that not every regulatory measure in the pharmacy sector should be discarded. This includes pharmacy-only and prescription-only rules, the duty that a pharmacy must be managed by a pharmacist (which must be distinguished from the ownership of a dispensary) and some of the business regulations as well as minimum opening hours. Economic potential can be realised by allowing more competition in the pharmacy sector. The more of mentioned deregulation can be realised, the larger positive economic effects can be attained. Long-term consequence of initiated trial and discovery procedures with different concepts of vertical or horizontal cooperation could be a coexistence of owner-operated pharmacies and those owned by larger joint-stock companies, which increases national welfare by meeting society-s preferences

Synthesis of β-d-galactopyranoside-Presenting Glycoclusters, Investigation of Their Interactions with Pseudomonas aeruginosa Lectin A (PA-IL) and Evaluation of Their Anti-Adhesion Potential

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic human pathogen associated with cystic fibrosis. This bacterium produces, among other virulence factors, a soluble d-galactose-specific lectin PA-IL (LecA). PA-IL plays an important role in the adhesion to the host cells and is also cytotoxic. Therefore, this protein is an interesting therapeutic target, suitable for inhibition by carbohydrate-based compounds. In the current study, ß-d-galactopyranoside-containing tri- and tetravalent glycoclusters were synthesized. Methyl gallate and pentaerythritol equipped with propargyl groups were chosen as multivalent scffolds and the galactoclusters were built from the above-mentioned cores by coupling ethylene or tetraethylene glycol-bridges and peracetylated propargyl ß-d-galactosides using 1,3-dipolar azide-alkyne cycloaddition. The interaction between galactoside derivatives and PA-IL was investigated by several biophysical methods, including hemagglutination inhibition assay, isothermal titration calorimetry, analytical ultracentrifugation, and surface plasmon resonance. Their ability to inhibit the adhesion of P. aeruginosa to bronchial cells was determined by ex vivo assay. The newly synthesized multivalent galactoclusters proved to be significantly better ligands than simple d-galactose for lectin PA-IL and as a result, two representatives of the dendrimers were able to decrease adhesion of P. aeruginosa to bronchial cells to approximately 32% and 42%, respectively. The results may provide an opportunity to develop anti-adhesion therapy for the treatment of P. aeruginosa infection

Light‐Driven Catalyst‐Free Access to Phthalazines: Entry to Antiviral Model Drugs by Merging Domino Reactions**

Abstract We report the development of a metal‐free four‐step one‐pot synthetic strategy to access high‐value functionalized phthalazines using o‐methyl benzophenones as starting compounds. Combining a light‐mediated enolization of o‐methyl benzophenones/Diels‐Alder reaction domino process with a subsequent deprotection/aromatization domino reaction in one‐pot leads to sustainable and efficient organic synthesis. The tangible advantages, i. e., absence of catalysts or additives, utilization of commercially available and/or easily accessible substrates, mild reaction conditions, simplicity, and single work‐up procedure, make this combined process highly appealing for the direct construction of various 1‐aryl‐phthalazines. Importantly, in vitro bioactivity evaluation of these newly prepared heterocyclic compounds demonstrated a strong antiviral efficacy against major human pathogens like HCMV and SARS‐CoV‐2

Mannich-type modifications of (−)-cannabidiol and (−)-cannabigerol leading to new, bioactive derivatives

(−)-Cannabidiol (CBD) and (−)-cannabigerol (CBG) are two major non-psychotropic phytocannabinoids that have many beneficial biological properties. However, due to their low water solubility and prominent first-pass metabolism, their oral bioavailability is moderate, which is unfavorable for medicinal use. Therefore, there is a great need for appropriate chemical modifications to improve their physicochemical and biological properties. In this study, Mannich-type reaction was used for the synthetic modification of CBD and CBG for the first time, and thus fifteen new cannabinoid derivatives containing one or two tertiary amino groups were prepared. Thereafter the antiviral, antiproliferative and antibacterial properties of the derivatives and their effects on certain skin cells were investigated. Some modified CBD derivatives showed remarkable antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 without cytotoxic effect, while synthetic modifications on CBG resulted in a significant increase in antiproliferative activity in some cases compared to the parent compound

Effect of within-species plant genotype mixing on habitat preference of a polyphagous insect predator

The effects of within-species plant genotype mixing on the habitat preference of a polyphagous ladybird were studied. Plant species diversity is often claimed to positively affect habitat preferences of insect predators, but the effects of within-species genotype diversity have not been extensively studied. In a field experiment with different barley (Hordeum vulgare) genotypes in mixed and pure stands, adult seven-spot ladybird Coccinella septempunctata, a polyphagous predator, preferred a specific combination of genotypes over the single genotypes alone before aphids had arrived in the crop, and again when aphids were emigrating. In laboratory experiments on adult ladybird orientation to odour from barley, ladybirds were attracted/arrested by the mixed odour of the same barley genotype mixture that was preferred in the field. Exposure of one barley genotype to volatiles from the other also caused the odour of the exposed plants to become more attractive to ladybirds. The results support the hypothesis that plant volatiles may attract or arrest foraging adult ladybirds, contributing to the selection of favourable habitats, and they show that within-species plant genotype mixing can shape interactions within multitrophic communities

Personal Data Protection with Focus on Processing and Protection in Civil Aviation

Personal Data Protection with Focus on Processing and Protection in Civil Aviation This diploma thesis focuses on the matter of EU legal regulation of personal data protection and reflects it in the field of civil aviation with focus on commercial air transport, as commercial air transport is at this moment the area of civil aviation where most of the personal data processing and operations with them are made. The goals of this diploma thesis are mainly to describe respective personal data processing in civil aviation and finding out whether GDPR represents an insurmountable legal obstacle for air carriers and civil aviation to operate or whether it is just another complicated act of legislation that air carriers and other entities in civil aviation must reflect. The first chapter of the thesis briefly introduces the history of personal data protection while presenting some of its past and current sources of legislation. Moreover, the first chapter introduces certain legal institutes of current EU personal data protection legislation and draws attention to the continuity and discontinuity of GDPR with the previous one. The second chapter of the thesis provides a short introduction to the topic of civil aviation legislation and describes the relationship between this legislation and GDPR. The..

Development and validation of methods for GMO detection

The present work is focused on the issue of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) detection in the plants and derived products. Existing legislation in the European Union regulates monitoring of GMO and lays down rules for their labeling and traceability. The aim was to contribute to solving certain issues of critical points in GMO detection. The first point was DNA extraction. The problem was adressed to the example of DNA extraction from the fruit of papaya and candied papaya. For both food products the suitability of the selected extraction methods was verified and confirmed by amplification of a specific DNA sequence by PCR. The second critical point was related to PCR inhibitors. We observed the effect of real-time PCR inhibition due to the influence of the residual EDTA and the residual amount of heavy metal ions, which were present in laboratory plastic. In both examples, the inhibition affects the PCR efficiency. Another critical point in the GMO detection is use of screening elements. That work was focused on false positive results. Development of new methods for GMO detection was another goal of this work. We have developed the method for garden pea taxon-specific gene quantification by real-time PCR. The method was tested on 13 cultivars of garden pea and several related plants of..