Fylogeneze parazitických vosiček čeledi Torymidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcicoidea) a evoluce jejich parazitických životních strategií

The thesis is focused on phylogeny of the family Torymidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) and evolution of their life-strategies. The study consists of general introduction to the phylogeny and classification of the family Torymidae chapter, four published papers in international journals and one manuscript prepared for submission. Firstly, our aim was to figure out the phylogenetic position of Torymidae as well as the position of other chalcidoid families inside superfamily Chalcidoidea (paper I and II). The supermatrix of sequencies of two ribosomal genes (18S rDNA and 28S rDNA) were developed for 649 species of chalcidoid taxa. However, family Torymidae was considered as polyphyletic group with the subfamily Megastigminae unrelated to the subfamily Toryminae (paper I). Monophyly of Torymidae was corroborated in another study (paper II) focused on molecular and morphological characters. We used a web-based, systematics workbench mx database for scoring 233 characters of 300 members of all chalcidoid families. Contrary to our previous only DNA-based study, we revealed also potential sister relationships of Torymidae with Ormyridae+Colotrechninae or Cerocephalinae+Diparinae respectively. Other paper (paper V) was focused on detailed study of Torymidae phylogeny. A total of 5 genes (18S rDNA, 28S rDNA,...Dizertační práce se zabývá fylogenezí parazitických vosiček z čeledi Torymidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) a evolucí jejich parazitických životních strategií. Celkově práce obsahuje obecný úvod do fylogeneze a klasifikace čeledi Torymidae, čtyři články publikované v mezinárodních vědeckých periodicích a jeden rukopis. Cílem práce bylo navrhnout fylogenetickou pozici Torymidae a ostatních čeledí v rámci nadčeledi Chalcidoidea (článek I a II). Proto byla sestavena supermatice sekvenčních (molekulárních) znaků dvou ribozomálních genů (18S rDNA a 28S rDNA) pro 649 druhů chalcidek. Nicméně bylo zjištěno, že čeleď Torymidae je pravděpodobně polyfyletickou skupinou, kdy podčeleď Megastigminae se jeví jako nepříbuzná podčeledi Toryminae (článek I). Monofylie Torymidae byla potvrzena až v navazující studii (článek II) zaměřené na společnou analýzu jak molekulárních, tak morfologických znaků. Pro tuto publikaci byla využita online databáze pro skórování 233 znaků u 300 zástupců ze všech čeledí Chalcidoidea. Na rozdíl od předešlé studie (článek I) byly také naznačeny možné příbuzenské vztahy čeledi Torymidae s čeleděmi/podčeleděmi Ormyridae+ Colotrechninae nebo Cerocephalinae+Diparinae. Další článek (článek V) byl zaměřen na detailní studii fylogeneze v rámci čeledi Torymidae. Celkem bylo sekvenováno 5 genů...Department of ZoologyKatedra zoologieFaculty of SciencePřírodovědecká fakult

Evolution of flexible biting in hyperdiverse parasitoid wasps

One key event in insect evolution was the development of mandibles with two joints, which allowed powerful biting but restricted their movement to a single degree of freedom. These mandibles define the Dicondylia, which constitute over 99% of all extant insect species. It was common doctrine that the dicondylic articulation of chewing mandibles remained unaltered for more than 400 million years. We report highly modified mandibles overcoming the restrictions of a single degree of freedom and hypothesize their major role in insect diversification. These mandibles are defining features of parasitoid chalcid wasps, one of the most species-rich lineages of insects. The shift from powerful chewing to precise cutting likely facilitated adaptations to parasitize hosts hidden in hard substrates, which pose challenges to the emerging wasps. We reveal a crucial step in insect evolution and highlight the importance of comprehensive studies even of putatively well-known systems

The Chalcidoidea bush of life: evolutionary history of a massive radiation of minute wasps.

Chalcidoidea are mostly parasitoid wasps that include as many as 500 000 estimated species. Capturing phylogenetic signal from such a massive radiation can be daunting. Chalcidoidea is an excellent example of a hyperdiverse group that has remained recalcitrant to phylogenetic resolution. We combined 1007 exons obtained with Anchored Hybrid Enrichment with 1048 ultra-conserved elements (UCEs) for 433 taxa including all extant families, >95% of all subfamilies, and 356 genera chosen to represent the vast diversity of the superfamily. Going back and forth between the molecular results and our collective knowledge of morphology and biology, we detected bias in the analyses that was driven by the saturation of nucleotide data. Our final results are based on a concatenated analysis of the least saturated exons and UCE datasets (2054 loci, 284 106 sites). Our analyses support an expected sister relationship with Mymarommatoidea. Seven previously recognized families were not monophyletic, so support for a new classification is discussed. Natural history in some cases would appear to be more informative than morphology, as illustrated by the elucidation of a clade of plant gall associates and a clade of taxa with planidial first-instar larvae. The phylogeny suggests a transition from smaller soft-bodied wasps to larger and more heavily sclerotized wasps, with egg parasitism as potentially ancestral for the entire superfamily. Deep divergences in Chalcidoidea coincide with an increase in insect families in the fossil record, and an early shift to phytophagy corresponds with the beginning of the "Angiosperm Terrestrial Revolution". Our dating analyses suggest a middle Jurassic origin of 174 Ma (167.3-180.5 Ma) and a crown age of 162.2 Ma (153.9-169.8 Ma) for Chalcidoidea. During the Cretaceous, Chalcidoidea may have undergone a rapid radiation in southern Gondwana with subsequent dispersals to the Northern Hemisphere. This scenario is discussed with regard to knowledge about the host taxa of chalcid wasps, their fossil record and Earth's palaeogeographic history

Phylogeny of chalcid wasps of the family Torymidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) analysis of molecular and morphological characters

Department of ZoologyKatedra zoologieFaculty of SciencePřírodovědecká fakult

Phylogeny of parasitic wasps of Torymidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) and evolution of their life-strategies

The thesis is focused on phylogeny of the family Torymidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) and evolution of their life-strategies. The study consists of general introduction to the phylogeny and classification of the family Torymidae chapter, four published papers in international journals and one manuscript prepared for submission. Firstly, our aim was to figure out the phylogenetic position of Torymidae as well as the position of other chalcidoid families inside superfamily Chalcidoidea (paper I and II). The supermatrix of sequencies of two ribosomal genes (18S rDNA and 28S rDNA) were developed for 649 species of chalcidoid taxa. However, family Torymidae was considered as polyphyletic group with the subfamily Megastigminae unrelated to the subfamily Toryminae (paper I). Monophyly of Torymidae was corroborated in another study (paper II) focused on molecular and morphological characters. We used a web-based, systematics workbench mx database for scoring 233 characters of 300 members of all chalcidoid families. Contrary to our previous only DNA-based study, we revealed also potential sister relationships of Torymidae with Ormyridae+Colotrechninae or Cerocephalinae+Diparinae respectively. Other paper (paper V) was focused on detailed study of Torymidae phylogeny. A total of 5 genes (18S rDNA, 28S rDNA,..

Phylogeny of parasitic wasps of Torymidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) and evolution of their life-strategies

The thesis is focused on phylogeny of the family Torymidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) and evolution of their life-strategies. The study consists of general introduction to the phylogeny and classification of the family Torymidae chapter, four published papers in international journals and one manuscript prepared for submission. Firstly, our aim was to figure out the phylogenetic position of Torymidae as well as the position of other chalcidoid families inside superfamily Chalcidoidea (paper I and II). The supermatrix of sequencies of two ribosomal genes (18S rDNA and 28S rDNA) were developed for 649 species of chalcidoid taxa. However, family Torymidae was considered as polyphyletic group with the subfamily Megastigminae unrelated to the subfamily Toryminae (paper I). Monophyly of Torymidae was corroborated in another study (paper II) focused on molecular and morphological characters. We used a web-based, systematics workbench mx database for scoring 233 characters of 300 members of all chalcidoid families. Contrary to our previous only DNA-based study, we revealed also potential sister relationships of Torymidae with Ormyridae+Colotrechninae or Cerocephalinae+Diparinae respectively. Other paper (paper V) was focused on detailed study of Torymidae phylogeny. A total of 5 genes (18S rDNA, 28S rDNA,..

A new species of Eridontomerus with taxonomic and faunistic notes on some other taxa (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Torymidae)

Janšta, Petr, Bouček, Zdeněk (2006): A new species of Eridontomerus with taxonomic and faunistic notes on some other taxa (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Torymidae). Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae 46: 211-218, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.532796

Anaphes flavipes: redescription, neotype designation, and comparison with A. nipponicus (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Mymaridae)

Figs 3–4. Anaphes flavipes (Foerster, 1841). 3 – male habitus, dorsal view (uncleared, with same collection data as neotype); 4 – female head (anterior) and antennae. Scale bars: 3 – 500 μm; 4 – 100 μm.Published as part of Samková, Alena, Janšta, Petr & Huber, John T., 2017, Anaphesflavipes: redescription, neotype designation, and comparison with A. nipponicus (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Mymaridae), pp. 677-711 in Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae (Acta. Ent. Mus. Natl. Pragae) 57 (2) on page 683, DOI: 10.1515/aemnp-2017-0095, http://zenodo.org/record/531579

Illustrated key to European genera, subgenera and species groups of Mymaridae (Hymenoptera), with new records for the Czech Republic

Samková, Alena, Janšta, Petr, Huber, John T. (2020): Illustrated key to European genera, subgenera and species groups of Mymaridae (Hymenoptera), with new records for the Czech Republic. Zootaxa 4722 (3): 201-233, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4722.3.