Optimization of ceramic waste filter for bathroom greywater treatment using central composite design (CCD)

The present study aims to develop a filtration system consisting of ceramic wastes as a treatment process of bathroom greywater to reduce chemical oxygen demand (COD), Total suspended solids (TSS), Total nitrogen (TN), and turbidity. Optimization of the reduction efficiency was investigated using response surface methodology (RSM) as a function of the ceramic practical sizes (0.25–1.18 mm) and hydraulic retention time HRT (1–3 h). The functional groups on the surface of the ceramic filter media were determined using Fourier transform irradiation (FTIR), while the scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used to determine the microstructure and the surface morphology of the ceramic particles. Results revealed that the optimal reduction of COD, TSS, TN, and turbidity was influenced by active sites of the filter media (C]C, C]O, CeOeH, and OH−) and was achieved under the operating conditions of 0.25 mm of ceramic particles after 3 h of HRT, the observed and predicted reduction for COD, TSS, TN, and Turbidity were 38.8 vs. 39.8%; 58.47 vs. 59.59%; 66.66 vs. 67.32%; 88.31 vs. 89.02%, respectively. It can be concluded that the effectiveness of the ceramic filter media is a potential source for the filtration of bathroom greywater

Adsorption Kinetics of Defluoridation Using Low-Cost Adsorbents

Column kinetics for fluoride ion removal could be described more adequately by the Lobenstein model than by conventionally used models. This model can be used in a linearized form. Use of this model minimizes the error resulting from use of conventional models, especially at lower or higher time periods of the breakthrough curve

Synthesis and characterization of 1-and 2-cinnamoyloxyacetonaphthones

The synthesis of 1- and 2-cinnamoyloxyacetonaphthones was achieved in one step using hydroxyl acetonaphthones and substituted cinnamic acids in the presence of a catalytic amount of phosphoroxychloride. Structural characterization was accomplished using high-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Chemical shifts of the compounds were compared and the change in the chemical shifts relative to electron-donating and -withdrawing groups is presented. Introduction of a thiophene ring instead of phenyl-substituted analogs caused shielding of the olefinic proton. © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd