Dampak Pola Tanam Padi – Padi Dan Padi – Semangka Terhadap Al Dan Fe Pada Kondisi Tanah Tidak Disawahkan Di Desa Air Hitam Kecamatan Lima Puluh Kabupaten Batubara

Several farmers in the Village of Air Hitam Sub District of Lima Puluh District of Batubara wereused the impact of Rice-Watermelon cropping system because production of rice was descended inevery years and to increasing the use irrigate efficiency. The difference in cropping system and thelong inundation result differences paddy soil properties. This research analyzed the soil pH, Al-dd,Al saturation, Fe3+, and Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) of land in the village of Air HitamSub District of Lima Puluh District of Batubara with altitude of 14 meters above sea level. Theresearch start to do on May until November 2012. The results of analyzed was procced by t-analyze.The showed that soil pH, Fe3+, CEC on Rice-Rice cropping system is lower than the Rice-Watermelon, while Al was higher in Rice- Rice cropping system than Rice- Watermelon

Animal Welfare As Stress Management to Improve Beef Cattle Reproduction

The efficiency of reproduction practices is one of the indicators of animal health and animal welfare situation. Deprived reproductive performance in a beef cattle farm may indicate the presence of animal welfare problems. In this study, we analyze the research and reviews on how the poor practices of animal welfare will affect the reproduction performance of beef cattle. Based on the analysis, we found that poor practical ofanimal welfare in cattle such as overcrowded population, heat stress, and discomfort animal will give a bad impact in the secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and cortisol hormone. Imbalance of hormones secretion may induce ovarian cycle disorder and depressing immunity of the uterine tract. The high risk of those disorders may cause bad reproduction performance indicator which is prolonged DO, reduced CR, and increased S/C and CI. We suggest that good animal welfare practices as stress management in beef cattle are expected to overcome the reproduction problems and enhance the animal’s immunity. In conclusion, good animal welfare practices prevent the occurrence of a reproduction problem and improve the beef cattle reproduction through better animal health. Keywords: Animal welfare, Beef cattle, Immunity, Management, Reproduction, Stres

Design of a pierce oscillator for CMOS SAW resonator

Development of microelectromechanical system (MEMS) based oscillators have drawn significant attention because it provides CMOS compatibility and multifrequency operations on a single chip. Recently, integrated MEMS resonators have shown great performance by attaining high quality factors and high frequency operations of up to the GHz range. Of interest, is fully integrated SAW resonator which can be connected to an oscillator circuit on the same chip. For oscillator circuit simulations, the CMOS SAW resonator was modeled using its RLC equivalent circuits. The insertion loss of CMOS SAW resonator used in this design is 35.8dB, with motional resistance Rx=8.95kΩ and the motional capacitance and inductance are Cx=199aF and Lx=350uH. For a MEMS resonator to be able to function as an oscillator it needs to be coupled with supporting circuits. There are various types of supporting oscillator circuit topologies namely the pierce oscillator, differential amplifier oscillator or the transimpedance amplifier circuit topology. The topology to be chosen depends on the design requirement, the loop gain of 1 and the zero phase shifts. For this work, the pierce circuit topology was chosen due to its simplicity and high frequency stability. This simple circuit comprising of 4 transistors, helps to achieve low power consumption and excellent phase noise characteristics. This paper will present the analysis, design and the simulation result of a high gain (>; 36dB) and low power pierce circuit topology for MEMS CMOS SAW resonator. The circuit was designed in 0.18um CMOS technology and yield open loop gain >; 36dB

Prediction and measurement of high frequency radio frequencies in peninsular Malaysia and comparisons with the international reference ionosphere model

Prediction of High Frequency (HF) radio frequency is important in the planning and operation of HF radio system because of the highly variable ionospheric region. Therefore, there is a requirement to find reliable and accurate HF operating frequencies in the Malaysian environment. The main aim of this study was to observe and analyze the HF prediction and measurement in Peninsular Malaysia which was then compared to the IRI Model prediction. This study was carried out in the equatorial region and in the middle of solar cycle 24 which was in July and August of 2014. The HF prediction process involved two maximum usable frequency (MUF) models, and the predicted result, i.e., operating working frequency (OWF) was based on hourly monthly median values. The results show that the IRI Model overestimated MUF prediction at about 36% for July 2014 and 38% for August 2014. This indicates that the IRI Model is an inappropriate model to be used for prediction of HF operating frequency in the Malaysian region. Meanwhile, the OWF measurements were around the OWF prediction, and this indicates that the OWF measurements are in the range of the OWF prediction. Accordingly, the lower decile MUF, i.e., OWF is the right range for HF operating frequency

Numerical analysis of heat transfer in cooling of fish packages

The present work aims at finding the optimal finite difference scheme for the solution of problems involving pure heat transfer from the surface of solids suddenly exposed to a cooling environment. Fish samples in the form of infinite slab were considered, and a generalized mathematical model was constructed in dimensionless form. A more representative and accurate set of experimental data is chosen from the experimental work for comparison with the numerical results and evaluation of numerical schemes. In the analysis, a fully explicit finite difference scheme, an implicit finite difference scheme and different combination schemes with varying values of weighting factor are thoroughly studied. The characteristic dimension (half thickness of the slab) is divided into a number of divisions; n = 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 100, respectively. All the possible options of the Fourier number increments are taken one by one to give the best convergence and minimal truncation error. The simplest explicit finite difference scheme with n = 10 and Fourier number increments one sixth of the square of the space division size appears to be highly reliable and accurate for such applications

MEMS-BASED OSCILLATORS: A REVIEW

ABSTRACT: This paper presents an overview of microelectromechanical (MEMS) based oscillators. The accuracy and stability of the reference frequency will normally limit the performance of most wireless communication systems. MEMS technology is the technology of choice due to its compatibility to silicon, leading to integration with circuits and lowering power consumption. MEMS based oscillators also provide the potential of a fully integrated transceiver. The most commonly used topology for MEMS based oscillators are pierce oscillator circuit topology and TIA circuit topology. Both topologies result in very competitive output in terms of phase noise and power consumption.  They can be used for either higher or lower Rx. The major difference between both topologies is the number of transistors used. TIA circuit used more number of transistor compare to pierce circuit. Thus design complexity of the TIA is higher. Pierce circuit is simpler, provide straightforward biasing and easier to design. The highly integratable of MEMS-based oscillators have made them much needed in future multiband wireless system. So that future wireless systems are able to function globally without any problem. ABSTRAK: Kertas kerja ini membentangkan gambaran keseluruhan mikroelektromekanikal (MEMS) berdasarkan pengayun.  Ketepatan dan kestabilan frekuensi rujukan sering membataskan perlaksanaan kebanyakan sistem komunikasi tanpa wayar. Teknologi MEMS merupakan teknologi pilihan memandangkan ia serasi dengan silikon; membolehkan integrasi dengan litar dan penggunaan tenaga yang rendah.  Pengayun berdasarkan MEMS juga  berpotensi sebagai integrasi penuh penghantar-terima. Topologi yang sering digunakan untuk pengayun berdasarkan MEMS adalah topologi litar pengayun pencantas dan topologi litar TIA.  Keputusan bagi kedua-dua topologi adalah amat kompetitif dari segi fasa bunyi dan penggunaan tenaga. Ia boleh digunakan untuk meninggikan atau merendahkan Rx. Perbezaan utama di antara kedua-dua topologi adalah bilangan transistor yang digunakan. Litar TIA menggunakan bilangan transistor yang lebih daripada litar pencantas.  Maka, rekaan TIA adalah lebih rumit.  Litar pencantas adalah lebih ringkas, memberikan pincangan yang jelas dan rekabentuk yang mudah. Pengayun berdasarkan MEMS amat bersepadu menjadikan ia sesuai sebagai sistem tanpa wayar berbilang jalur masa depan.  Jesteru sistem tanpa wayar dapat berfungsi pada peringkat global tanpa sebarang kesulitan

Properties of chicken head gelatins as affected by extraction method

Malaysia is a surplus poultry producing country with well-established commercial slaughtering and processing plants. Immense quantity of heads, feet, viscera, blood and feathers are usually discarded and not optimally utilized. Chicken heads are rich in protein, and could be a potential source of gelatin. The aim of the present work was therefore to find a simpler, faster, cheaper and greener gelatin extraction technology as compared to current available methods of gelatin extraction from poultry heads. A comparison of three different gelatin extraction methods with alkaline-acid pretreatment (E1), single acid pretreatment (E2) and single alkaline pretreatment (E3) were studied to extract gelatin from chicken heads. E1 and E2 produced gelatins of Type A, while E3 produced gelatin of Type B. High bloom gelatin (>300 g) with <1% of ash content, high gelling (25.8-26.0°C) and melting (30.8-32.3°C) temperatures, good functionality and physical appearance were obtained from E1 and E2 extraction methods. Gelatins of E1 and E2 had higher viscous (G’’) and elastic modulus (G’) values on cooling and heating as compared to the commercial bovine skin gelatin. FTIR spectra of the gelatins indicated different degrees of structural denaturation. Overall, extraction methods of E1 and E2 produced better gelatin quality than E3. Nonetheless, E1 was the best extraction method for the production of high quality gelatin from chicken heads