Large Scale Signal and Interconnect FDTD Modeling for BGA Package

This paper introduces a Finite-Difference Time-Domain (FDTD) approach to modeling portions of Ball Grid Array (BGA) package interconnect circuits. A fullwave circuit model including vias, trace segments, and ground vias was generated, using a computer gridding tool, and fed into the FDTD (Taflove and Hagness, 2005) program. The simulated results were correlated with TDR measurements

The Effect of Chromosome 9p21 Variants on Cardiovascular Disease May Be Modified by Dietary Intake: Evidence from a Case/Control and a Prospective Study

Peer reviewe

Is China's economic growth sustainable?: a general equilibrium analysis

Despite China’s remarkable economic growth over the last three decades have been well acknowledged, there seems no consensus being reached on how this growth is created and whether it can be sustained in the future. While some economists (e.g., Holz, 2008) argue that “China’s potential for economic growth from relatively low labor costs will continue to exist for another 30 years”, others (e.g., Hofman and Kuijs, 2008, Prasad, 2009, Whalley and Xin, 2010) have questioned its sustainability. Based on a brief literature review and with the help of a well-known CGE model (the GTAP model), this paper attempts to identify the most significant factors that have contributed to the miraculous economic growth in China, namely international trade, FDI, and migrant labor, and to explore how some other economic potentials such as the removal of the household registration system and engaging free trade with its major trade partners could be further exploited. The GTAP is a multi-region, multi-sector CGE model that has been used widely to tackle many economic and trade policy issues in developing countries. The latest version of the dataset which is based on 2007 actual data is used for running two sets of eight counter-factual simulations. According to the results of the simulations, it is concluded that the export-orientation development strategy, effective use of FDI, and exploitation of comparative advantage of its migrant workers are the most significant factors that have contributed to the remarkable economic growth in China. While the opening effect accounts for roughly 40% of GDP growth, the effective use of the migrant workers contributes to about 50%, leaving the remaining 10% or less as the contribution of TFP. Although not all of these factors will persist in the future, several alternative reform measures including the removal of the household registration system and further liberalising international trade through forming FTAs with its major trade partners would keep contributing to sustain China’s economic growth. The policy implication is that China should continue its opening and reform policies toward developing a more liberalised domestic factor market and engaging more FTAs with its major trading partners. When these economic potentials are further exploited, China’s rapid economic growth can be sustained further for at least another decade

Rapid urbanization in China and its impact on the world economy

As the most populous economy in the world, China has experienced an unprecedented pace of urbanization since the start of its economic reforms in the late 1970s. The rapid urbanization was accompanied by large flows of rural to urban migration and a growing demand for a clearer specification of the rural land ownership. Since the 2000s, when the conventional restrictions on rural to urban migration were partially removed, rural to urban migration made dominant contributions to China’s urban population growth. An accelerate urbanization will require for a clearer specification of rural land ownership and free mobility of rural labor force across different sectors and regions, which in turn will have a significant impact on production, employment and international trade patterns in both China and the rest of the world, particularly in agricultural and capital intensive industries. This will result in a large-scale restructuring of the world economy in line with regional specialization and comparative advantage. Specifically, the natural resource based and capital intensive industries benefit and labor intensive industries suffer from China’s labor market liberalization, but these impacts will be offset somewhat by the land market reforms. This paper examines the impact of reforms in both China’s rural land and labor markets on the aggregate economic welfare in China and the rest of the world. Propositions derived from a theoretical model include that while the labor market liberalization generates unambiguous gains, the land reform may have some impact on income distribution. When the labor intensive industries gain, the capital intensive industries suffer in China. The impact on the rest of the world varies across different regions. The hypotheses are tested by running simulations on an applied general equilibrium model (the GTAP Model). Several different modeling scenarios including 1) an accelerated urbanization as a result of free mobility of the rural labor; 2) a de facto privatization of the rural land ownership and 3) a combination of both privatization of the rural land and free mobility of labor are specified for the purpose of separating out the effects of each simulation as well as capturing different market environments. Policy implications are developed based on the simulation results. Paper prepared for the 16th Annual Conference on Global Economic Analysis "New Challenges for Global Trade in a Rapidly Changing World", Shanghai Institute of Foreign Trade, June 12-14, 2013. Shanghai, China

Globalisation and labour market reforms in China

As the most populous country in the world, the Chinese labour market has several distinctive characteristics that other countries do not share. One of these characteristics is the rapid expansion in employment in non-state owned enterprises (NSEs) which emerged in the early 1980s. In spite of the remarkable success of the NSEs, questions are raised as to how and to what extent the development of NSEs has eroded the dominance of state-owned enterprises (SOEs), particularly with regard to industrial production, employment and international trade. Also, questions regarding how the reforms in China’s labour market have affected the world economy, particularly in the labour intensive industries, remain unsolved. This paper attempts to answer these questions and generate policy implications for the rest of the world

The prospect of factor market reforms in China and its impact on the world economy

This paper examines the impact of reforms in China's rural land and labour markets on the aggregate economic welfare in both China and the rest of the world. The hypothesis is that a clearer specification of China's rural land ownership and free mobility of rural labour force across different sectors will have a significant impact on production, employment and international trade patterns in the rest of the world, particularly in agricultural and capital intensive industries and regions. This will result in a large-scale restructuring of the world economy in line with regional specialisation and comparative advantage. Specifically, the natural resource based and capital intensive industries benefit and labour intensive industries suffer from China's labour market liberalisation, but these impacts will be offset somewhat by the land market reforms. The hypothesis is tested by simulations on an applied general equilibrium model (the GTAP Model). Policy implications are generated based on the simulation results

Is the Chinese economic growth sustainable? a macroeconomic approach

With an annual growth rate of more than 9.6 percent in real terms over three decades from 1979 to 2010, China has emerged as the second largest economy and largest exporter in the world. The so called China’s economic miracle has attracted tremendous international attentions despite no consensus has been so far reached for its substitutability. In a basis of a brief review of the current literature on the sustainability of the China’s economic miracle and with the help of a simple macro-econometric model (the Fair Model), several economic scenarios are examined and forecasted up to 2020. According to the result of the experiments, the slowing down of the export-led growth, materialized with appreciations of the RMB by 25 percent from 2008, along with a tight monetary policy could be disastrous. As a result, the past experience of rapid economic growth rate is very hard to maintain. Alternatively, a deepening in reforms in domestic economy, characterized as increases in government purchases in the domestic market, and encouraging both domestic consumption and exports could relieve some of the pressures in RMB appreciation. However, neither an expansionary fiscal policy itself nor a domestic consumption stimulus would be sufficient to sustain the past economic experience, unless the country can afford a relative high rate of inflation

Labor market liberalization in China and its economic impact on the world economy

This paper attempts to examine the economic impact of liberalization of labor market in China on the aggregate welfare of the country and the rest of the world. The liberalization in labor market is characterized by the abolition of a household registration system that prohibits permanent migration from rural area to urban area in China. This migration restriction has been maintained for more than 45 years and is going to be abolished in the near future. The hypothesis tested is that the a free mobility of the rural surplus labor into China’s urban industrial sector will have a significant impact on production, employment and trade patterns both in China and in the rest of the world, particularly in the labor-intensive industries. This will result in a large-scale restructuring of the world economy in line with regional specialization and comparative advantage. Several policy scenarios are simulated by an applied general equilibrium model (the GTAP Model). These scenarios include a net increase in China’s unskilled labor force in urban labor intensive manufacturing sector, a transfer of the labor force from the agricultural sector to manufacturing sectors, a combination of both labor market liberalization and capital market liberalization. To capture the regional and sectoral impact of the change, the world economy is divided into 10 regions and 10 sectors. The net welfare effects of these liberalizations are positive for the world as a whole in general, and for China in particular. Policy implications are discussed and suggestions are offered to the Chinese authority to liberalize the Chinese labor and capital markets further