6,027 research outputs found
Gamma-Ray Spectral Characteristics of Thermal and Non-Thermal Emission from Three Black Holes
Cygnus X-1 and the gamma-ray transients GROJ0422+32 and GROJ1719-24 displayed
similar spectral properties when they underwent transitions between the high
and low gamma-ray (30 keV to few MeV) intensity states. When these sources were
in the high gamma-ray intensity state (gamma-2, for Cygnus X-1), their spectra
featured two components: a Comptonized shape below 200-300 keV with a soft
power-law tail (photon index >3) that extended to ~1 MeV or beyond. When the
sources were in the low-intensity state (gamma-0, for Cygnus X-1), the
Comptonized spectral shape below 200 keV typically vanished and the entire
spectrum from 30 keV to ~1 MeV can be characterized by a single power law with
a relatively harder photon index ~2-2.7. Consequently the high- and
low-intensity gamma-ray spectra intersect, generally in the ~400 keV - 1 MeV
range, in contrast to the spectral pivoting seen previously at lower (~10 keV)
energies. The presence of the power-law component in both the high- and
low-intensity gamma-ray spectra strongly suggests that the non-thermal process
is likely to be at work in both the high and the low-intensity situations. We
have suggested a possible scenario (Ling & Wheaton, 2003), by combining the
ADAF model of Esin et al. (1998) with a separate jet region that produces the
non-thermal gamma-ray emission, and which explains the state transitions. Such
a scenario will be discussed in the context of the observational evidence,
summarized above, from the database produced by EBOP, JPL's BATSE earth
occultation analysis system.Comment: 6 pages, 3 figures, accepted for publication in Proceedings of 2004
Microquasar Conference, Beijing, China, Chinese Journal of Astronomy and
Astrophysics, minor corrections per refere
Design and test of a compact optics system for the pool boiling experiment
The experiment described seeks to improve the understanding of the fundamental mechanisms that constitute nucleate pool boiling. The vehicle for accomplishing this is an investigation, including tests to be conducted in microgravity and coupled with appropriate analyses, of the heat transfer and vapor bubble dynamics associated with nucleation, bubble growth/collapse and subsequent motion, considering the interrelations between buoyancy, momentum and surface tension which will govern the motion of the vapor and surrounding liquid, as a function of the heating rate at the heat transfer surface and the temperature level and distribution in the bulk liquid. The experiment is designed to be contained within the confines of a Get-Away-Special Canister (GAS Can) installed in the bay of the space shuttle. When the shuttle reaches orbit, the experiment will be turned on and testing will proceed automatically. In the proposed Pool Boiling Experiment a pool of liquid, initially at a precisely defined pressure and temperature, will be subjected to a step imposed heat flux from a semitransparent thin-film heater forming part of one wall of the container such that boiling is initiated and maintained for a defined period of time at a constant pressure level. Transient measurements of the heater surface and fluid temperatures near the surface will be made, noting especially the conditions at the onset of boiling, along with motion photography of the boiling process in two simultaneous views, from beneath the heating surface and from the side. The conduct of the experiment and the data acquisition will be completely automated and self-contained. For the initial flight, a total of nine tests are proposed, with three levels of heat flux and three levels of subcooling. The design process used in the development and check-out of the compact photographic/optics system for the Pool Boiling Experiment is documented
Two-stage optimization method for efficient power converter design including light load operation
Power converter efficiency is always a hot topic for switch mode power supplies. Nowadays, high efficiency is required over a wide load range, e.g., 20%, 50% and 100% load. Computer-aided design optimization is developed in this research work, to optimize off-line power converter efficiency from light load to full load. A two-stage optimization method to optimize power converter
efficiency from light load to full load is proposed. The optimization procedure first breaks the converter design variables into many switching frequency loops. In each fixed switching frequency loop, the optimal designs for 20%, 50% and 100% load are derived separately in the first stage, and an objective function using the optimization results in the first stage is formed in the second stage to consider optimizing efficiency at 20%, 50% and 100% load. Component efficiency models are also established to serve as the objective functions of optimizations. Prototypes 400V to 12V/25A 300W two-FET forward converters
are built to verify the optimization results
A Quadrillion Standard Models from F-theory
We present an explicit construction of globally
consistent string compactifications that realize the exact chiral spectrum of
the Standard Model of particle physics with gauge coupling unification in the
context of F-theory. Utilizing the power of algebraic geometry, all global
consistency conditions can be reduced to a single criterion on the base of the
underlying elliptically fibered Calabi--Yau fourfolds. For toric bases, this
criterion only depends on an associated polytope and is satisfied for at least
bases, each of which defines a distinct compactification.Comment: 7 pages, double column; v3: improved and expanded discussion,
technical details deferred to an added appendi
Interest Rate Sensitivities of REIT Returns
In order to identify effective interest rate proxies for equity and mortgage REITs, this study analyzes seven different interest rate proxies that have been widely used in the REIT literature. They are the monthly holding period returns on long-term U.S. government bonds and high-grade corporate bonds, the percentage changes in yields for long-term U.S. government bonds and high-yield (Baa) corporate bonds, the difference between returns on long-term U.S. government bonds and T-bill rates, the spread between yields on high-yield (Baa) corporate bonds and returns on long-term U.S. government bonds, and the spread between returns on high-grade corporate bonds and returns on long-term U.S. government bonds. The overall OLS results suggest that mortgage REITs are sensitive to all proxies, while equity REITs are significantly affected by only changes in yields on long-term U.S. government bonds and high-yield corporate bonds. The time variation paths for sensitivities indicate that all interest rate sensitivities are time specific. Overall, the changes in yields on high-yield corporate bonds (Baa) has the strongest explanatory power for returns of equity and mortgage REITs for most of the 27-year sample period (1972 through 1998).
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