Heat transfer device and method of making the same

Gas derived graphite fibers are generated by the decomposition of an organic gas. These fibers when joined with a suitable binder are used to make a high thermal conductivity composite material. The fibers may be intercalated. The intercalate can be halogen or halide salt, alkaline metal, or any other species which contributes to the electrical conductivity improvement of the graphite fiber. The heat transfer device may also be made of intercalated highly oriented pyrolytic graphite and machined, rather than made of fibers

Approaches to Multicultural Curriculum Reform

Several identifiable approaches to the integration of ethnic content into the curriculum have evolved since the 1960s, The Contributions Approach to in tegration is one of the most frequently used and is often used extensively during the first phase of an ethnic revival movement. This approach is characterized by the addition of ethnic heroes into the curriculum that are selected using criteria similar to those used to select mainstream heroes for inclusion into the curriculum. The mainstream curriculum remains unchanged in terms of its basic structure, goals, and salient characteristics

Oxidation protection coatings for polymers

A polymeric substrate is coated with a metal oxide film to provide oxidation protection in low Earth orbital environments. The film contains about four volume percent polymer to provide flexibility

The State of Fraternity and Sorority Life in Higher Education

Since the establishment of the first fraternity Phi Beta Kappa in 1776, fraternities and sororities have had a 200-year-old history on college campuses in the United States. Fraternity and sorority life has become an important opportunity for students to get involved, gain leadership skills, and develop into global citizens. Despite a long standing history, the threat on the sustainability of these organizations has increased over the years. Hazing, alcohol abuse, and negative media attention have created challenges for Greek-letter organizations. The purpose of this article is to explore the historical context of fraternity and sorority life, the issues that are impacting the Greek community, and provide recommendations for student affairs professionals

Carbon-13 in groundwater from English and Norwegian crystalline rock aquifers: a tool for deducing the origin of alkalinity?

The 13C signature is evaluated for various environmental compartments (vegetation, soils, soil gas, rock and groundwater) for three crystalline rock terrains in England and Norway. The data are used to evaluate the extent to which stable carbon isotopic data can be applied to deduce whether the alkalinity in crystalline bedrock groundwaters has its origin in hydrolysis of carbonate or silicate minerals by CO2. The resolution of this issue has profound implications for the role of weathering of crystalline rocks as a global sink for CO2. In the investigated English terrain (Isles of Scilly), groundwaters are hydrochemically immature and DIC is predominantly in the form of carbonic acid with a soil gas signature. In the Norwegian terrains, the evidence is not conclusive but is consistent with a significant fraction of the groundwater DIC being derived from silicate hydrolysis by CO2. A combined consideration of pH, alkalinity and carbon isotope data, plotted alongside theoretical evolutionary pathways on bivariate diagrams, strongly suggests real evolutionary pathways are likely to be hybrid, potentially involving both open and closed CO2 conditions

Flexible fluoropolymer filled protective coatings

Metal oxide films such as SiO2 are known to provide an effective barrier to the transport of moisture as well as gaseous species through polymeric films. Such thin film coatings have a tendency to crack upon flexure of the polymeric substrate. Sputter co-deposition of SiO2 with 4 to 15 percent fluoropolymers was demonstrated to produce thin films with glass-like barrier properties that have significant increases in strain to failure over pure glass films which improves their tolerance to flexure on polymeric substrates. Deposition techniques capable of producing these films on polymeric substrates are suitable for durable food packaging and oxidation/corrosion protection applications

Characteristics of hypervelocity impact craters on LDEF experiment S1003 and implications of small particle impacts on reflective surfaces

The Ion Beam textured and coated surfaces EXperiment (IBEX), designated S1003, was flown on LDEF at a location 98 deg in a north facing direction relative to the ram direction. Thirty-six diverse materials were exposed to the micrometeoroid (and some debris) environment for 5.8 years. Optical property measurements indicated no changes for almost all of the materials except S-13G, Kapton, and Kapton-coated surfaces, and these changes can be explained by other environmental effects. From the predicted micrometeoroid flux of NASA SP-8013, no significant changes in optical properties of the surfaces due to micrometeoroids were expected. There were hypervelocity impacts on the various diverse materials flown on IBEX, and the characteristics of these craters were documented using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The S1003 alumigold-coated aluminum cover tray was sectioned into 2 cm x 2 cm pieces for crater documentation. The flux curve generated from this crater data fits well between the 1969 micrometeoroid model and the Kessler debris model for particles less than 10(exp -9) gm which were corrected for the S1003 positions (98 deg to ram). As the particle mass increases, the S1003 impact data is greater than that predicted by even the debris model. This, however, is consistent with data taken on intercostal F07 by the Micrometeoroid/Debris Special Investigating Group (M/D SIG). The mirrored surface micrometeoroid detector flown on IBEX showed no change in solar reflectance and corroborated the S1003 flux curve, as well as results of this surface flown on SERT 2 and OSO 3 for as long as 21 years

Emigración global, diversidad y educación para la ciudadanía

Revista Electrónica Interuniversitaria de Formación del Profesorado, vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 1-11La emigración dentro de un estado-nación y entre estados-nación es un fenómeno mundial. El movimiento de pueblos más allá de los límites nacionales es tan viejo como el concepto mismo de estado-nación. Sin embargo, nunca antes en la historia del mundo el movimiento de grupos tan diversos a nivel de raza, cultura, etnia, religión y lengua en y entre estados-nación ha sido tan numeroso y rápido, ni han surgido cuestiones tan complejas y difíciles sobre la ciudadanía, los derechos humanos, la democracia, y la educación. Muchas tendencias y desarrollos a nivel global plantean un reto a la idea de educar estudiantes para que se desenvuelvan en un estado-nación. Dichas tendencias incluyen la forma en la que los individuos se movilizan de un lado a otro de las fronteras nacionales, el derecho a trasladarse permitido por la Unión Europea, y los derechos contenidos en la Declaración Universal de Derechos Humanos. Este artículo describe cómo la emigración global está planteando un reto para las nociones institucionalizadas de la educación para la ciudadanía, la manera en la que los estados-nación están gestionando dichos retos, y cómo se puede reformar la educación para la ciudadanía para tratar con eficacia la diversidad provocada por la emigración

Women can bear a bigger burden: ante- and post-mortem evidence for reserve in the face of tau.

In this study, we aimed to assess whether women are able to withstand more tau before exhibiting verbal memory impairment. Using data from 121 amyloid-β-positive Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative participants, we fit a linear model with Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test score as the response variable and tau-PET standard uptake value ratio as the predictor and took the residuals as an estimate of verbal memory reserve for each subject. Women demonstrated higher reserve (i.e. residuals), whether the Learning (t = 2.78, P = 0.006) or Delay (t = 2.14, P = 0.03) score from the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test was used as a measure of verbal memory ability. To validate these findings, we examined 662 National Alzheimer's Coordinating Center participants with a C2/C3 score (Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease) at autopsy. We stratified our National Alzheimer's Coordinating Center sample into Braak 1/2, Braak 3/4 and Braak 5/6 subgroups. Within each subgroup, we compared Logical Memory scores between men and women. Men had worse verbal memory scores within the Braak 1/2 (Logical Memory Immediate: β = -5.960 ± 1.517, P < 0.001, Logical Memory Delay: β = -5.703 ± 1.677, P = 0.002) and Braak 3/4 (Logical Memory Immediate: β = -2.900 ± 0.938, P = 0.002, Logical Memory Delay: β = -2.672 ± 0.955, P = 0.006) subgroups. There were no sex differences in Logical Memory performance within the Braak 5/6 subgroup (Logical Memory Immediate: β = -0.314 ± 0.328, P = 0.34, Logical Memory Delay: β = -0.195 ± 0.287, P = 0.50). Taken together, our results point to a sex-related verbal memory reserve