THE LEBANESE CIVIL WAR AND THE SYRIAN INTERVENTION IN LEBANON UNTILL 1990, : AN ALTERNATIVE PERSPECTIVE

Este artigo argumenta que, ao contrário da alegação da escola liberal dominante, a Síria não agiu como um desestabilizador do sistema confessional libanês, o que levou ao colapso do sistema e à guerra civil entre 1975 e 1990. Em vez disso, o regime sírio, impulsionado pelo interesses da classe burguesa damascena intimamente associada ao fluxo comercial entre Beirute e a região do Golfo via Damasco, escolheu conter a crise e reabilitar o sistema confessional que é um sistema de hegemonia que impede a luta de classes em benefício da burguesia mercantil libanesa

Global respiratory syncytial virus–related infant community deaths

Background Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a leading cause of pediatric death, with >99% of mortality occurring in low- and lower middle-income countries. At least half of RSV-related deaths are estimated to occur in the community, but clinical characteristics of this group of children remain poorly characterized. Methods The RSV Global Online Mortality Database (RSV GOLD), a global registry of under-5 children who have died with RSV-related illness, describes clinical characteristics of children dying of RSV through global data sharing. RSV GOLD acts as a collaborative platform for global deaths, including community mortality studies described in this supplement. We aimed to compare the age distribution of infant deaths <6 months occurring in the community with in-hospital. Results We studied 829 RSV-related deaths <1 year of age from 38 developing countries, including 166 community deaths from 12 countries. There were 629 deaths that occurred <6 months, of which 156 (25%) occurred in the community. Among infants who died before 6 months of age, median age at death in the community (1.5 months; IQR: 0.8−3.3) was lower than in-hospital (2.4 months; IQR: 1.5−4.0; P < .0001). The proportion of neonatal deaths was higher in the community (29%, 46/156) than in-hospital (12%, 57/473, P < 0.0001). Conclusions We observed that children in the community die at a younger age. We expect that maternal vaccination or immunoprophylaxis against RSV will have a larger impact on RSV-related mortality in the community than in-hospital. This case series of RSV-related community deaths, made possible through global data sharing, allowed us to assess the potential impact of future RSV vaccines

Deciphering CLUH function in mitochondrial distribution and cell metabolism

La dynamique et la distribution mitochondriale sont essentielles pour l’homéostasie énergétique cellulaire. CLUH est une protéine indispensable à la distribution mitochondriale, dont la déplétion provoque une agrégation mitochondriale périnucléaire. Afin de comprendre le rôle de CLUH dans le métabolisme cellulaire, nous avons généré des cellules knockout CLUH par la méthode CRISPR-cas9. Nos résultats montrent que l’agrégation mitochondriale est associée à la diminution de la taille cellulaire et à la réduction quantitative des complexes de la chaîne respiratoire, menant ainsi à des défauts de la phosphorylation oxydative. Cette déficience énergétique est due à la perturbation de la traduction mitochondriale, et provoque un shift métabolique vers la glycolyse. Le profil métabolique des cellules KO montre un dysfonctionnement du cycle de Krebs et une altération de l’oxydation des acides gras. Dans ce sens, nous avons déterminé une fonction cruciale de CLUH dans le couplage de la distribution mitochondriale au contrôle de l’état cellulaire énergétique et métabolique. Pour approfondir l’analyse de la fonction de CLUH, nous avons effectué une étude de prédiction des domaines fonctionnels in silico, et avons identifié cinq domaines évolutivement conservés au sein de la séquence primaire de CLUH. De plus, nous démontrons que CLUH oligomérise en tétramères et en octomères, qui sont déstabilisés par l’expression ectopique de formes tronquées de CLUH dépourvues des domaines Clu-Nou TPR, par un effet dominant négatif. En résumé, nos résultats montrent l’importance de CLUH dans le maintien de l’homéostasie métabolique cellulaire, et une régulation potentielle de ses fonctions par oligomérisation.Mitochondrial dynamics and distribution are critical insupplying ATP in response to energy demands. CLUHis a highly conserved protein involved in mitochondrial distribution, whose dysfunction leads to mitochondrial clustering around the nucleus. To gain insight into the role of CLUH in cellular metabolism, we generated CLUH knockout cells using CRISPR/Cas9. We show that mitochondrial clustering is associated with a smaller cell size and with decreased abundance of respiratory complexes, resulting in OXPHOS defects. This energetic impairment was found to be due to the alteration of mitochondrial translation, leading to a metabolic shift towards glucose dependency. Metabolomic profiling by mass spectrometry disclosed a dysfunctional Krebs cycle and an alteration of fatty acidoxidation. Thus, we established a clear function of CLUH in coupling mitochondrial distribution to the control of cellular energetic and metabolic status. To further analyze CLUH function, we performed in silico the prediction of the functional domains of this protein, disclosing 5 evolutionary conserved domains within the CLUH primary sequence. We reveal an oligomerization of CLUH into tetramers and octamers, and show a dominant negative effect associated to the expression of CLUH truncated forms missing Clu-N or TPR domains. Taken together, our studies reveal the importance of CLUH in maintaining cellular metabolism homeostasis and the potential regulation of its function through oligomerization

Implication de CLUH dans la distribution des mitochondries et le métabolisme cellulaire

Mitochondrial dynamics and distribution are critical insupplying ATP in response to energy demands. CLUHis a highly conserved protein involved in mitochondrial distribution, whose dysfunction leads to mitochondrial clustering around the nucleus. To gain insight into the role of CLUH in cellular metabolism, we generated CLUH knockout cells using CRISPR/Cas9. We show that mitochondrial clustering is associated with a smaller cell size and with decreased abundance of respiratory complexes, resulting in OXPHOS defects. This energetic impairment was found to be due to the alteration of mitochondrial translation, leading to a metabolic shift towards glucose dependency. Metabolomic profiling by mass spectrometry disclosed a dysfunctional Krebs cycle and an alteration of fatty acidoxidation. Thus, we established a clear function of CLUH in coupling mitochondrial distribution to the control of cellular energetic and metabolic status. To further analyze CLUH function, we performed in silico the prediction of the functional domains of this protein, disclosing 5 evolutionary conserved domains within the CLUH primary sequence. We reveal an oligomerization of CLUH into tetramers and octamers, and show a dominant negative effect associated to the expression of CLUH truncated forms missing Clu-N or TPR domains. Taken together, our studies reveal the importance of CLUH in maintaining cellular metabolism homeostasis and the potential regulation of its function through oligomerization.La dynamique et la distribution mitochondriale sont essentielles pour l’homéostasie énergétique cellulaire. CLUH est une protéine indispensable à la distribution mitochondriale, dont la déplétion provoque une agrégation mitochondriale périnucléaire. Afin de comprendre le rôle de CLUH dans le métabolisme cellulaire, nous avons généré des cellules knockout CLUH par la méthode CRISPR-cas9. Nos résultats montrent que l’agrégation mitochondriale est associée à la diminution de la taille cellulaire et à la réduction quantitative des complexes de la chaîne respiratoire, menant ainsi à des défauts de la phosphorylation oxydative. Cette déficience énergétique est due à la perturbation de la traduction mitochondriale, et provoque un shift métabolique vers la glycolyse. Le profil métabolique des cellules KO montre un dysfonctionnement du cycle de Krebs et une altération de l’oxydation des acides gras. Dans ce sens, nous avons déterminé une fonction cruciale de CLUH dans le couplage de la distribution mitochondriale au contrôle de l’état cellulaire énergétique et métabolique. Pour approfondir l’analyse de la fonction de CLUH, nous avons effectué une étude de prédiction des domaines fonctionnels in silico, et avons identifié cinq domaines évolutivement conservés au sein de la séquence primaire de CLUH. De plus, nous démontrons que CLUH oligomérise en tétramères et en octomères, qui sont déstabilisés par l’expression ectopique de formes tronquées de CLUH dépourvues des domaines Clu-Nou TPR, par un effet dominant négatif. En résumé, nos résultats montrent l’importance de CLUH dans le maintien de l’homéostasie métabolique cellulaire, et une régulation potentielle de ses fonctions par oligomérisation

Prise en charge en médecine générale des patients diabétiques de type 2 déséquilibrés sous bithérapie orale (enquête transversale auprès des généralistes du département des Hauts-de-Seine)

PARIS7-Xavier Bichat (751182101) / SudocSudocFranceF

Geopolitical Dimensions of the Syrian Conflict

This article touches upon geopolitical dimension of the Syrian conflict. The authors consider in details regional subdivision of Syria and relations of Syrian regions with border countries. The authors of the article conclude that Arab nationalism as the Syrian state ideology and positioning of Syria as the center of Arab world were indispensable taking into account multiconfessional nature of Syria. Authors study the geostrategical doctrine of Hafez Asad (1970-2000) aimed to restore the territorial integrity of Syria (return of the Golan heights) and creation of Great Syria, bring to light reasons of the alliances of Syria with Soviet Union and Iran. The authors discover reasons of hostility toward Syria from such actors as United States, Saudi Arabia, Turkey. The hostile attitude of the US political elites toward the Syrian state can be explained by American intention to undermine strategic partnership between Syria and Iran. Enmity of Saudi hostility toward the Syrian regime began with the assassination of the Lebanese Prime Minister Rafic Hariri (2005). This action destroyed the political balance in Lebanon and was considered by the Saudis as a threat to their interests. Article contains analysis of the Syrian role in the Saudi-Iranian rivalry. To opinion of the authors, Turkish involvement in the Syrian conflict began with the attempts of the regime’s change in this country and evolved to the defense of Turkish national interests from the Kurdish factor. The authors make some conclusions about the role of US, Iran, Saudi Arabia, Turkey in the Syrian conflicts. In the article it’s made some forecasts about the development of Syrian conflict. The authors especially predict possibility of disintegration of the Syrian state according to spheres of influence of the external actors involved to this conflict with Mediterranean coast, Homs and Damascus under the control of government, northern regions of the country under Kurdish control, Raqqa and Deir el Zor probably under Turkish control and the Southern Syria (Hawran) probably under Jordanian control

FlauBERT vs. CamemBERT: Understanding patient's answers by a French medical chatbot

International audienc

Effects of dataset size and interactions on the prediction performance of logistic regression and deep learning models

International audienc

Biallelic Variants in UBA5 Reveal that Disruption of the UFM1 Cascade Can Result in Early-Onset Encephalopathy

International audienceVia whole-exome sequencing, we identified rare autosomal-recessive variants in UBA5 in five children from four unrelated families affected with a similar pattern of severe intellectual deficiency, microcephaly, movement disorders, and/or early-onset intractable epilepsy. UBA5 encodes the E1-activating enzyme of ubiquitin-fold modifier 1 (UFM1), a recently identified ubiquitin-like protein. Biochemical studies of mutant UBA5 proteins and studies in fibroblasts from affected individuals revealed that UBA5 mutations impair the process of ufmylation, resulting in an abnormal endoplasmic reticulum structure. In Caenorhabditis elegans, knockout of uba-5 and of human orthologous genes in the UFM1 cascade alter cholinergic, but not glutamatergic, neurotransmission. In addition, uba5 silencing in zebrafish decreased motility while inducing abnormal movements suggestive of seizures. These clinical, biochemical, and experimental findings support our finding of UBA5 mutations as a pathophysiological cause for early-onset encephalopathies due to abnormal protein ufmylation