Intersecting Memory and Witnessing Violence in Anita Desai’s The Zigzag Way

This essay engages with the juxtaposition of two disparate violent past events: the Holocaust, and the Mexican Revolution, which led to the forced displacement of the diasporic characters in Anita Desai’s novel The Zigzag Way. It explores various ways in which the violent past resurfaces in the present and enables different migrant characters of the novel to bear witness to it by using tropes such as ruin, dreams and spectres. The essay also demonstrates subtle and complex intersections among different memory theories to articulate victimisation and enforced silence of the displaced and traumatized characters. It also investigates the role of fiction in depicting the ‘unspeakable’ horrors of the tumultuous past and the readers’ as well as the characters’ implication in it as secondary witnesses

Wiskott–Aldrich Syndrome causing mutation, Pro373Ser restricts conformational changes essential for WASP activity in T-cells

AbstractWiskott–Aldrich Syndrome (WAS) is caused by mutations in Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome Protein (WASP) and majority of the mutations are found in the WASP Homology 1 (WH1) domain which mediates interaction with WIP (WASP Interacting Protein), a WASP chaperone. Two point mutations together in the proline rich region (PRR) domain of WASP (S339Y/P373S) have been reported to cause WAS however the molecular defect has not been characterized. Expression of these mutants separately (WASPRS339Y, WASPRP373S) or together (WASPRSP/YS) did not rescue the chemotaxis defect or membrane projection defect of JurkatWKD T-cells (WASP knockdown). This is not due to the inability of WASP-PRR mutants to form functional WASP–WIP complex in growth rescue experiments in las17Δ yeast strain. Expression of WASPRS339Y but not WASPRP373S or WASPRSP/YS rescued the IL-2 expression defect of JurkatWKD T-cells, suggesting that Pro373Ser mutation alone is sufficient to inhibit WASP functions in T-cell activation. The diffused localization of WASP-PRR mutants in activated Jurkat T-cells suggests that Ser339 and Pro373 are critical for WASP localization. WASP-PRR mutations either together or individually did not abolish interaction of WASP with sixteen WASP binding proteins including Hck, however they caused reduction in Hck mediated tyrosine phosphorylation of WASP which is critical for WASP activity. The auto-inhibitory conformation of WASPP373S mutant was not relieved by the binding of Toca-1 or Nck1. Thus, our results suggest that Pro373Ser mutation reduces Tyr291 phosphorylation and prevents conformational changes required for WASP activity in chemotaxis and T-cell activation. Thus Pro3373Ser is probably responsible for all the defects associated with WAS in the patients

Detention Camp and State of Exception in Chris Cleave’s The Other Hand

In Chris Cleave’s novel The Other Hand (2008), the detention camp is depicted as a space of exception where refugees are reduced to invisible and voiceless beings. This article analyzes how this fictional setting produces a sense of alterity in the refugee protagonist, Little Bee. It particularly focuses on how the novel balances narratives of exclusion and violence embedded in this counter-space with the refugee girl’s agency, resistance and self-assertion. The article also explores the power of language in attributing voice and visibility to this triply marginalized African female, while revisiting the notions of migration and frontiers in the twenty-first century

Effect of micelles on hydrolysis of di-2,3-dichloroaniline phosphate

551-562The effect of anionic surfactant, di-octylsodium sulphosuccinate (AOT) and nonionic surfactant, polyoxyethylene sorbitanmonooleate (Tween-80) on the hydrolysis of di-2,3-dichloroaniline phosphate was studied spectrophotometrically at 303 K. The influence of inorganic salts on the reaction rate was studied. The added salts viz. KCl, KNO3, and K2SO4 accelerated the rate of the reaction in the presence of anionic and nonionic micelles. The role of anionic and non-ionic micelle has been explained by the Menger-Portnoy, and Piszkiewicz models. The binding constant (Ks), rate constant (kψ) in the micellar phase, co-operativity index (n) and various thermodynamic activation parameters viz. ∆Ea, ∆S≠, ∆H≠, ∆G≠ etc. have been evaluated. Possible reaction mechanism has been proposed on the basis of the observed kinetic data

Solochrome dark blue azo dye removal by sonophotocatalysis using mn2+ doped zns quantum dots

Funding Information: Funding: J.P. is thankful to DST, New Delhi, India for Research fellowship under Women Scientist Scheme (SR/WOS-A/CS-82/2018). This work has also been supported by FCT—Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, I.P., under the Scientific Employment Stimulus-Institutional Call (CEEC-INST/00102/2018) and the Associate Laboratory for Green Chemistry-LAQV which is financed by national funds from FCT/MCTES (UIDB/50006/2020 and UIDP/50006/2020). Funding Information: J.P. is thankful to DST, New Delhi, India for Research fellowship under Women Scientist Scheme (SR/WOS-A/CS-82/2018). This work has also been supported by FCT?Funda??o para a Ci?ncia e a Tecnologia, I.P., under the Scientific Employment Stimulus-Institutional Call (CEEC-INST/00102/2018) and the Associate Laboratory for Green Chemistry-LAQV which is financed by national funds from FCT/MCTES (UIDB/50006/2020 and UIDP/50006/2020). Publisher Copyright: © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.This work investigates the degradation of the azo dye solochrome dark blue (SDB) by measurement of the photocatalytic, sonocatalytic and sonophotocatalytic activities, under low ultrasonic frequency (40 kHz) and UV-C (254 nm) light, using Mn-doped ZnS semiconductor quantum dots (Mn2+:ZnS Qds) as catalysts, prepared by a simple chemical precipitation procedure. In order to study the different morphological and optical crystal properties, various characterization techniques were used, such as high resolution transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray analysis, X-ray diffraction, N2 adsorption-desorption at −196 °C and ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy. The average particle size of the semiconductor Qds was in the range of 3–4 nm. The optimal parameters affecting dye degradation, such as the catalyst loading, solution pH, time of irradiation, initial concentration of dye, dopant concentration, ultrasonic power and frequency effect were evaluated. The synthesized catalytic material exhibited a high activity for sonophotocatalytic degradation of SDB (89%), larger than that observed for sonocatalysis (69.7%) or photocatalysis (55.2%) alone, which was due to the improved electron-holes separation, formation of more reactive radicals and enhancement of the active surface area. Qds showed good stability and reusability after five repeated cycles. Finally, the degradation products were identified by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS).publishersversionpublishe

Polyherbal Formulation Concept for Synergic Action: A Review

Formulations restrain 2 or more than 2 herbs are called polyherbal formulation. Drug formulation in Ayurveda is based on 2 principles: Use as a single drug and use of more than one drug. The last is known as polyherbal formulation. The idea of polyherbalism is peculiar to Ayurveda even though it is tricky to explain in term of modern parameters. The Ayurvedic literature Sarangdhar Samhita tinted the idea of polyherbalism to attain greater therapeutic efficacy. Polyherbal formulation has been used all around the earth due to its medicinal and therapeutic application. It has also recognized as polyherbal therapy or herb-herb combination. The active phytochemical constituents of individual plants are inadequate to attain the desirable therapeutic effects. When polyherbal and herbo-mineral formulations combining the multiple herbs in a meticulous ratio, it will give an enhanced therapeutic effect and decrease the toxicity. The active constituents used from individual plant are inadequate to provide attractive pharmacological action. There are evidences that crude plant extracts often have greater potency rather than isolated constituents. In traditional medicine whole plants or mixtures of plants are used rather than isolated compounds. Due to synergism, polyherbalism confers some benefits which are not accessible in single herbal formulations. Polyherbal formulations express high effectiveness in numerous diseases with safe high dose. Based on the nature of the interaction, there are 2 mechanisms on how synergism acts (i.e., pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetic). In words of pharmacokinetic synergism, the capacity of herb to ease the absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination of the other herbs is focused. Pharmacodynamics synergism on the other hand, studies the synergistic effect when active constituents with similar therapeutic activity are targeted by diverse mechanism of action. The present review encompasses all the significant features of polyherbal formulation. Keywords: Polyherbal formulation, Ayurveda, Active constituents, Pharmacodynamics, pharmacokineti

X-Linked thrombocytopenia causing mutations in WASP (L46P and A47D) impair T cell chemotaxis

BACKGROUND: Mutation in the Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome Protein (WASP) causes Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS), X-linked thrombocytopenia (XLT) and X-linked congenital neutropenia (XLN). The majority of missense mutations causing WAS and XLT are found in the WH1 (WASP Homology) domain of WASP, known to mediate interaction with WIP (WASP Interacting Protein) and CIB1 (Calcium and Integrin Binding). RESULTS: We analyzed two WASP missense mutants (L46P and A47D) causing XLT for their effects on T cell chemotaxis. Both mutants, WASP(R)(L46P) and WASP(R)(A47D) (S1-WASP shRNA resistant) expressed well in Jurkat(WASP-KD) T cells (WASP knockdown), however expression of these two mutants did not rescue the chemotaxis defect of Jurkat(WASP-KD) T cells towards SDF-1α. In addition Jurkat(WASP-KD) T cells expressing these two WASP mutants were found to be defective in T cell polarization when stimulated with SDF-1α. WASP exists in a closed conformation in the presence of WIP, however both the mutants (WASP(R)(L46P) and WASP(R)(A47D)) were found to be in an open conformation as determined in the bi-molecular complementation assay. WASP protein undergoes proteolysis upon phosphorylation and this turnover of WASP is critical for T cell migration. Both the WASP mutants were found to be stable and have reduced tyrosine phosphorylation after stimulation with SDF-1α. CONCLUSION: Thus our data suggest that missense mutations WASP(R)(L46P) or WASP(R)(A47D) affect the activity of WASP in T cell chemotaxis probably by affecting the turnover of the protein. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12929-014-0091-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users

International Consensus Statement on Rhinology and Allergy: Rhinosinusitis

Background: The 5 years since the publication of the first International Consensus Statement on Allergy and Rhinology: Rhinosinusitis (ICAR‐RS) has witnessed foundational progress in our understanding and treatment of rhinologic disease. These advances are reflected within the more than 40 new topics covered within the ICAR‐RS‐2021 as well as updates to the original 140 topics. This executive summary consolidates the evidence‐based findings of the document. Methods: ICAR‐RS presents over 180 topics in the forms of evidence‐based reviews with recommendations (EBRRs), evidence‐based reviews, and literature reviews. The highest grade structured recommendations of the EBRR sections are summarized in this executive summary. Results: ICAR‐RS‐2021 covers 22 topics regarding the medical management of RS, which are grade A/B and are presented in the executive summary. Additionally, 4 topics regarding the surgical management of RS are grade A/B and are presented in the executive summary. Finally, a comprehensive evidence‐based management algorithm is provided. Conclusion: This ICAR‐RS‐2021 executive summary provides a compilation of the evidence‐based recommendations for medical and surgical treatment of the most common forms of RS

Rethinking the Figure of the Refugee in Caryl Phillips’s A Distant Shore

Le réfugié a été traditionnellement perçu comme un archétype du déplacement et de la marginalisation, et de ce que Julia Kristeva nomme « l’abject ». Cet article démontre que le roman de Caryl Phillips A Distant Shore déconstruit ces notions et montre la possibilité d’une reconstruction de la figure du réfugié en utilisant le concept de « convivialité » de Paul Gilroy. Il démontre également comment Phillips trouve un équilibre entre les discours d’exclusion et d’oppression contre le réfugié et la possibilité d’une convivialité multiculturelle, symbolisée par la reconnaissance mutuelle entre les différents personnages dans ce roman.The refugee has been traditionally perceived as an archetype of displacement and marginalisation, and what Julia Kristeva refers to as a liminal ‘abject’ other. This article argues that Caryl Phillips’s novel A Distant Shore deconstructs these notions and offers an alternative way of reconceptualising the figure of the refugee, by using Paul Gilroy’s concept of ‘conviviality’. It also illustrates how Phillips sensitively balances the exclusion and oppression of the refugee with the possibility of multicultural conviviality, symbolized by the mutual trust and recognition that obtain between the different characters in this novel

Сусрет историја и живота: траума Холокауста и помјереност у романима о сеоби „Баумгартнеров Бомбај“ и „Два живота“

This article focuses on “multidirectional memories” and trauma theory in Indian English Literature written after the 1980s, depicting the Jewish migrant as a displaced and a deterritorialised protagonist. It engages with intersecting histories, hybrid memories and traumas arising from horrendous events as well as border crossing of the Jewish migrant/refugee. It illustrates the consequences of forced dislocation i.e. how has the horrific event of the Holocaust fashioned the German Jewish psyche across the globe. This essay will not only elicit the consequences of staggering violent memories on diasporic mobility and but also the politics of belonging. Hence, the essay will move on to adopt a wider stance beyond the postcolonial dichotomies to depict the changing scenario. Taking examples from Anita Desai’s Baumgartner’s Bombay and Vikram Seth’s Two Lives, which have focused on the victimisation and alienation of the migrant protagonists, the essay investigates how do these deterritorialised characters grapple with the holocaust, the colonial and the dislocation trauma in Indian English Fictions. The article also analyses the role of literary imagination in delineating the Holocaust trauma. It will focus on how does the act of writing become a site of redemption or wish fulfillment or expressing the “unspeakable” for the author and how does the trauma arising from the Holocaust mark the beginning of the dislocation of their migrant protagonists. The aim of this paper is also to examine the connections between the Holocaust narratives, the involuntary displacement patterns of the migrants/ refugees in the second half of the twentieth century and Indian English Literature.Овај рад се фокусира на „сјећања из више смјерова“ и теорију трауме у индијској књижевности на енглеском језику, писаној након осамдесетих година двадесетог вијека, која приказује јеврејског eмигранта као личност која је премјештена и која нема своју територију. Укључује сусрет историја, комбинована сјећања јеврејског емигранта/избјеглице и трауме које настају након страшних догађаја, као и након преласка граница. Илуструје посљедице присилног премјештања, тј. начин на који је ужасни догађај Холокауста обликовао психу њемачких Јевреја широм свијета. Овај рад неће само открити посљедице запањујуће насилних сјећања о покретности дијаспоре него и политике припадања. Због тога овај рад иде корак даље ка томе да усвоји шири став, изнад постколонијалних подјела, како би се приказао промјенљиви сценарио. Узимајући као примјер роман Аните Десаи Баумгартнеров Бомбај и роман Викрама Сета Два живота, који се базирају на приказу жртвовања и отуђења ликова емиграната, рад истражује како се ликови који немају своју територију боре с Холокаустом, колонијалном траумом и траумом премјештености у индијским романима на енглеском језику. Овај рад такође анализира улогу књижевне маште у скицирању трауме Холокауста. Фокус је на проналажењу одговора на питање како чин писања постаје начин искупљења, испуњења жеља или изражавања оног што је „неизрециво“ за аутора, те како траума која је настала у Холокаусту означава почетак помјерања њених протагониста емиграната. Циљ овог рада је и да испита везе између наратива о Холокаусту, те шаблона (не)добровољног премјештања емиграната/избјеглица у другој половини двадесетог вијека и индијској књижевности на енглеском језику