Deconstructing China’s and India’s Growth - The Role of Financial Policies

This paper uses the standard one-sector neoclassical growth model to investigate why Chinas consumption has been low and investment high. It finds that the low cost of capital has been quantitatively an important factor. Theory predicts that the price of capital may have been significantly distorted in the 1990s and 2000s. The distortion could have been caused by nonperforming loans, borrowing constraints, and uncertainty over changes in government guidance in bank lending. In one form or the other, these distortions have implied significant transfers from households to firms. If China is to rebalance growth towards relying more on consumption and less on exports and investment, banking sector reforms and financial market development could, therefore, turn out to be key.Business cycle accounting, rebalancing growth, financial distortions

China's Provincial Growth Dynamics

China’s rapid overall growth since 1978 masks significant differences in relative economic performance across its provinces. This paper finds that, while per capita income of poor provinces are catching up with those in the rich, the relative income distribution appears to be stratifying into a bimodal distribution—the coastal provinces gravitating toward one mode, and the remaining provinces toward the other—with economic structure and policies playing important roles in the growth dynamics.Provincial growth; convergence; twin peaks

Antimicrobial, hemolytic and thrombolytic activities of some new N-substituted-2-({5-[(1E,3E)F-4-(1,3-benzodioxol- 5-yl)-1,3-butadienyl]-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl}sulfanyl) propanamides

Purpose: To synthesize and evaluate the bioactivity of some N-substituted-2-({5-[(1E,3E)-4-(1,3- benzodioxol-5-yl)-1,3-butadienyl]-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl}sulfanyl)propanamides (9a-o) of the alkaloid piperine (1) extracted from P. nigrum (black pepper).Methods: Extract 1 was subjected to basic hydrolysis to obtain piperic acid (2). The heterocyclic 1,3,4- oxadiazole ring was synthesized from 2 through the formation of an ester and carbohydrazide. A series of electrophiles, 8a-o, were synthesized in the presence of 10 % Na2CO3. The final compounds, 9a-o, were synthesized by stirring 5-[(1E,3E)-4-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-1,3-butadienyl]-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-thiol (5) and 8a-o in LiH/DMF. Spectral analysis was performed using infrared (FTIR), proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) and electron impact mass spectrometry (EI-MS) to determine the structures of 9a-o. Antimicrobial activity was evaluated as zone of inhibition by disc diffusion method. Hemolytic and thrombolytic activities were determined by measuring absorbance before and after incubation of blood cells with test compound.Results: Compound 9d strongly inhibited Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli with zone of inhibition values of 16 mm for each. The reference drug, rifampicin, showed zone of inhibition of 21 and 23 mm against B. subtilis and E. coli, respectively. Compound 9a strongly inhibited Aspergillus niger with a zone of inhibition of 18 mm compared to the reference drug, fluconazole, with a zone of inhibition of 19mm.Conclusion: The newly synthesized compounds are more active antimicrobial agents than piperine. Compounds 9a and 9d are the most active.Keywords: Piper nigrum, Piperine, Propanamide, Hemolytic, Thrombolytic, Black peppe

1-Chloro­meth­yl-3-nitro­benzene

In the title mol­ecule, C7H6ClNO2, the plane of the nitro group and the direction of the chloro­methyl group are twisted away from the benzene ring, forming dihedral angles of 8.2 (3) and 67.55 (12)°, respectively. In the crystal structure, weak inter­molecular C—H⋯O inter­actions link the mol­ecules into corrugated sheets parallel to the bc plane

N-(3-Eth­oxy­phen­yl)-4-methyl­benzene­sulfonamide

In the title compound, C15H17NO3S, the two aromatic rings make a dihedral angle of 69.42 (9)° with each other and the bridging C—N—S—C torsion angle is 65.76 (16)°. Weak intra­molecular C—H⋯O inter­actions may affect the mol­ecular conformation. Two neighbouring mol­ecules generate a hydrogen-bonded dimer about a center of inversion through a pair of inter­molecular N—H⋯O inter­actions, forming an R 2 2(8) ring motif. Furthermore, two inter­molecular C—H⋯π inter­actions contribute to the stability of the crystal packing

1-Chloro­methyl-4-nitro­benzene

In the title compound, C7H6ClNO2, the nitro group is almost coplanar with the aromatic ring [dihedral angle = 2.9 (2)°], but the Cl atom deviates from the ring plane by 1.129 (1) Å. In the crystal, mol­ecules are linked by weak C—H⋯O inter­actions to generate chains

Hospital-Based Cancer Registry

Background :. To  determine the frequency of different types of malignancies in different gender and age groups, presenting at a surgical unit. Methods:  In this observational study  cancer patients of both genders were included to determine frequencies of different malignancies that presented to a surgical unit.  All the patients with age greater than 12 years and being admitted in surgical unit 1 with the diagnosis of malignancy, were included. The variables recorded included age, sex, address, diagnosis, biopsy, date of biopsy, treatment timeline, stage at presentation, final outcome and referral to other care units. Data was entered and analyzed using the statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) software, version 22. Results: A total of 150 malignant tumours were analyzed. There were 50 (33.3%) male patients and 100 (66.7%) females. Malignant tumours of breast 67 (44.7%) and esophagus 16 (10.7%), were found to be the most common whereas malignant melanoma  (0.7%), submandibular tumours (0.7%), and parotid tumours (0.7%), were least common. The most common malignancy in males were of stomach (16.0%) and rectum (16.0%), whereas in females it was the breast malignancies (67.0%). Dividing the age distribution of the patients into 15-year bands, the peak age-category was 41-60 years (46.0%), while only 3 (2.0%) patients were above 80 years.  Conclusion: Cancer trends were found to be similar as that of other studies in Pakistan with a few differences. Data management is sub optimal. There is a dire need of integrated system of Cancer Registry

Ammonium [(1S)-(endo,anti)]-(−)-3-bromo­camphor-8-sulfonate

In the title mol­ecular salt, NH4 +·C10H14BrO4S−, the norbornane skeleton of the anion is composed of two five-membered rings in envelope conformations and a six-membered ring with one Br atom, one carbonyl O atom and a methyl group held in a boat conformation by a bridging methyl­ene group. Short intra­molecular C—H⋯O and C—H⋯Br inter­actions occur. In the crystal, the component ions are linked by inter­molecular N—H⋯O and C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds

A novel low-cost approach to estimate the incidence of Japanese encephalitis in the catchment area of three hospitals in Bangladesh

Acute meningoencephalitis syndrome surveillance was initiated in three medical college hospitals in Bangladesh in October 2007 to identify Japanese encephalitis (JE) cases. We estimated the population-based incidence of JE in the three hospitals\u27 catchment areas by adjusting the hospital-based crude incidence of JE by the proportion of catchment area meningoencephalitis cases who were admitted to surveillance hospitals. Instead of a traditional house-to-house survey, which is expensive for a disease with low frequency, we attempted a novel approach to identify meningoencephalitis cases in the hospital catchment area through social networks among the community residents. The estimated JE incidence was 2.7/100,000 population in Rajshahi (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.8-4.9), 1.4 in Khulna (95% CI = 0.9-4.1), and 0.6 in Chittagong (95% CI = 0.4-0.9). Bangladesh should consider a pilot project to introduce JE vaccine in high-incidence areas

The management of myocardial injury related to SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia

The global evolution of the SARS-CoV-2 virus is known to all. The diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia is expected to worsen, and mortality will be higher when combined with myocardial injury (MI). The combination of novel coronavirus infections in patients with MI can cause confusion in diagnosis and assessment, with each condition exacerbating the other, and increasing the complexity and difficulty of treatment. It would be a formidable challenge for clinical practice to deal with this situation. Therefore, this review aims to gather literature on the progress in managing MI related to SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia. This article reviews the definition, pathogenesis, clinical evaluation, management, and treatment plan for MI related to SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia based on the most recent literature, diagnosis, and treatment trial reports. Many studies have shown that early diagnosis and implementation of targeted treatment measures according to the different stages of disease can reduce the mortality rate among patients with MI related to SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia. The reviewed studies show that multiple strategies have been adopted for the management of MI related to COVID-19. Clinicians should closely monitor SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia patients with MI, as their condition can rapidly deteriorate and progress to heart failure, acute myocardial infarction, and/or cardiogenic shock. In addition, appropriate measures need to be implemented in the diagnosis and treatment to provide reasonable care to the patient